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1 String Processing System
Information technology: SPSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > String Processing System
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2 system
1. система2. установка, устройство3. геол. формация4. план, расположениеacoustic back-up communications system — вспомогательная акустическая система связи (в системе управления подводным устьевым оборудованием)
acoustic back-up control system — акустическая вспомогательная система управления (подводным оборудованием)
acoustic emergency back-up control system — аварийная акустическая система управления (подводным оборудованием)
adaptive data recording system — самонастраивающаяся система регистрации данных (измерения параметров ветра, течений, волн и т. п.) на плавучей буровой платформе для определения её реакции на внешние воздействия
BOP function position indicator system — система индикации выполнения функций противовыбросовым оборудованием
BOP moonpool guidance system — направляющее устройство блока превенторов в буровой шахте бурового судна (служащее для спуска блока через буровую шахту без раскачивания)
bulk products weighting system — система измерения массы порошкообразных материалов (системы пневмотранспорта барита, бентонита, цемента)
continuous elevating and lowering system — система непрерывного подъёма и спуска (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
drilling information monitoring system — система сбора информации о бурении, система контроля параметров процесса бурения
dual BOP stack system — двухблочная система, состоящая из двух блоков превенторов и двух водоотделяющих колонн
emergency acoustic closing system — аварийная акустическая система закрытия (подводных противовыбросовых превенторов)
flexible bottom coring system — система бурения с отбором донного керна с использованием шлангокабеля (при геологоразведочных работах на море)
hydraulic fluid make-up system — система приготовления рабочей жидкости гидросистемы (для управления подводным оборудованием)
hydroacoustic position reference system — гидроакустическая система определения местоположения, гидроакустическая система ориентации
integral ( marine) riser system — система составной водоотделяющей колонны (секции которой изготовлены как одно целое с линиями глушения скважины и штуцерной)
multiwire electrohydraulic control system — электрогидравлическая система управления (подводным устьевым оборудованием)
PCT offshore test system — морская система опробования испытателем пласта, который управляется давлением (бурового раствора в затрубном пространстве)
pin and hole type jacking system — подъёмное устройство штыреоконного типа (на самоподнимающихся опорах)
pipe abandonment and recovery system — система оставления и подъёма труб (при укладке подводного трубопровода)
rack and pinion type jacking system — подъёмное устройство реечно-шестерённого типа (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
remote data acquisition and control system — система дистанционного сбора данных, контроля и управления
single stack and single riser drilling system — система для бурения с одним блоком превенторов и одной водоотделяющей колонной
submudline type completion system — система заканчивания морских скважин на твёрдом дне (с донной плитой, заглублённой в илистый грунт)
telescoping joint support system — устройство для подвески телескопической секции (водоотделяющей колонны)
tooth and pawl type jacking system — подъёмная система зубчато-балочного типа (у самоподнимающихся платформ)
underwater guide line system — система подводных направляющих канатов (связывающих подводное устье скважины с буровым судном или плавучим полупогружным буровым основанием и предназначенных для ориентированного спуска по ним оборудования и инструментов к подводному устью)
wet-type ocean floor completion system — система для заканчивания скважины на океанском дне (в водной среде)
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1. система2. агрегат; устройство; устройство3. совокупность; семейство Фacoustic back-up communication system — вспомогательная акустическая система связи (в системе управления подводным устьевым оборудованием)
acoustic back-up control system — акустическая вспомогательная система управления (подводным оборудованием)
acoustic emergency back-up control system — аварийная акустическая система управления (подводным оборудованием)
blowout preventer cart system — тележка для перемещения блока противовыбросовых превенторов на буровом судне или плавучей буровой платформе (с целью подачи его к центру буровой шахты)
blowout preventer function position indicator system — система индикации выполнения функций противовыбросовым оборудованием
blowout preventer moonpool guidance system — направляющее устройство блока противовыбросовых превенторов в буровой шахте бурового судна (для спуска блока через буровую шахту без раскачивания)
cavity-filling water spray system — система орошения с насадками, установленными на трубках, смонтированных на корпусе шнекового исполнительного органа
combination chain and wire-rope mooring system — комбинированная цепно-канатная система якорного крепления
continuous elevating and lowering system — система непрерывного подъёма и спуска (самоподъёмного основания)
drilling information monitoring system — система сбора информации о бурении, система контроля параметров процесса бурения
dual blowout preventer stack system — двухблочная система, состоящая из двух блоков противовыбросовых превенторов и двух водоотделяющих колонн
electrohydraulic control system with different frequencies of pilot signals — электрогидравлическая система управления с разночастотными управляющими сигналами
electronic multiplex control system — электронная многофункциональная система управления (противовыбросовым оборудованием)
emergency acoustic closing system — аварийная акустическая система закрытия (подводных противовыбросовых превенторов)
flexible bottom coring system — система бурения с отбором донного керна с использованием шлангокабеля (при геологоразведок них работах на море)
hydraulic drill-pipe pick-up system — устройство с гидроприводом для подачи бурильных труб с козлов к устью скважины
hydraulic fluid make-up system — система приготовления рабочей жидкости гидросистемы (для управления подводным оборудованием)
hydraulic rotary head slide-out system — устройство с гидроприводом для отвода подвижного шпинделя в сторону от устья скважины
integral marine riser system — система составной водоотделяющей колонны (секции которой изготовлены как одно целое с линией глушения скважины и штуцерной линией)
integrated pile alignment system — устройство для центровки свай, размещаемое на свае
mooring system of drilling offshore platform — система якорного крепления морского бурового основания
pig injector and receiver valve system — шлюзовой затвор запуска и приёма скребков (для чистки трубопровода)
pin-and-hole type jacking system — подъёмное устройство штыреоконного типа (на самоподнимающихся опорах)
pipe abandonment and recovery system — система оставлеаия и подъёма труб (при укладке подводного трубопровода)
plain-type liner hanger system — простая подвеска колонны эксплуатационных труб (когда не требуется герметизация между подвеской и обсадными трубами)
program reliability information system for management — система обеспечения руководителей программы данными о надёжности
rack and pinion type jacking system — подъёмное устройство реечношестерённого типа (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
single stack and single riser drilling system — система для бурения с одним блоком противовыбросовых превенторов и одной водоотделяющей колонной
subsea blowout preventer stack control system — система управления подводным противовыбросовым оборудованием
system with component replacement — система с возможностью замены элементов;
telescoping joint support system — устройство для подвески телескопической секции (водоотделяющей платформы)
underwater guide line system — система подводных направляющих канатов (связывающих подводное устье скважины с буровым судном или плавучим полупогружным буровым основанием и предназначенных для ориентированного спуска по ним оборудования и инструментов к подводному устью)
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система; план, расположение
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- Dynamic Well Control System
- National Standard Reference Data System* * *• агрегат• план -
3 SPS
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
4 Sps
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
5 sps
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
6 proceso
m.1 process.el proceso creativo the creative processel paciente está en un proceso de recuperación the patient is in the process of recovering2 trial (law) (juicio).abrir un proceso contra to bring an action against3 processing (computing) (procesamiento).4 course of action.5 industrial process, process.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: procesar.* * *1 (gen) process2 (en el tiempo) time3 DERECHO trial\proceso de datos data processing* * *noun m.1) process2) prosecution, trial* * *SM1) (=desarrollo) (tb Anat, Quím) processel proceso de una enfermedad — the course o progress of a disease
2) (Med)3) (=transcurso) lapse of time4) (Jur) (=juicio) trial; (=pleito) lawsuit, proceedings plabrir o entablar proceso — to bring a suit (a against)
proceso verbal — (=escrito) record; (=audiencia) hearing
5) (Inform) processing* * *1)a) (serie de acciones, sucesos) processb) (Med)es una enfermedad de proceso lento — it is a long, drawn-out illness
2) (Der) trial3) (Inf) processing4) ( transcurso) course* * *= operation, process, processing, routine.Ex. With the advent of micro-computers even much smaller cataloguing operations can effectively be computerised.Ex. The organisation of knowledge is a process that has been recognised as necessary for thousands of years.Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex. Chain indexing is a simple mechanical routine for generating a limited number of index entries for a subject.----* acelerar el proceso de deterioro = hasten + rot.* acelerar un proceso = hasten + process.* activar un proceso = activate + process.* centro especializado de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* departamento de procesos técnicos = processing department.* emprender un proceso de = set on + a course of.* empresa dedicada al proceso del cereal = corn processor.* en el proceso = in the process.* en proceso = in progress.* en proceso de = in the midst of, in course of.* en proceso de cambio = changing.* en proceso de construcción = under construction.* en proceso de envejecimiento = aging [ageing].* en proceso de remodelación = under renovation.* en proceso de transmisión = in transit.* estación de proceso = processing station.* estándar de proceso = processing standard.* estar en proceso de = be on the way to, be in the process of, be in the course of.* estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.* estar en proceso de + Infinitivo = be on to + Infinitivo.* evaluación de procesos = process rating.* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.* pasar por un proceso de = go through + a process of.* personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.* proceso automático = automatic process.* proceso bicromático = bichromate process.* proceso comunicativo = communication process.* proceso de acreditación = accreditation process.* proceso de aprendizaje = learning process.* proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.* proceso de búsqueda = searching process, search process.* proceso de cambio = process of change.* proceso de catalogación = cataloguing procedure.* proceso de catalogación, el = cataloguing process, the.* proceso de conexión = logon.* proceso de datos = data processing, transaction processing.* proceso de descafeinar = decaffeination.* proceso de envejecimiento = aging process.* proceso de evaluación = review process, evaluation process.* proceso de formación = instructional process.* proceso de fotolito = photolitho process.* proceso de homologación = accreditation process.* proceso de impresión = printing process.* proceso de indización = indexing process.* proceso de paz = peace process.* proceso de pedidos = order processing.* proceso de razonamiento = reasoning process.* proceso de reclamación = appeals process.* proceso de recuperación = retrieval process.* proceso de referencia = referral process.* proceso de referencia, el = reference process, the.* proceso de reforma = reform process.* proceso de selección = screening process, selection process.* proceso de trabajo = work process.* proceso de transferencia de la información = information transfer process.* proceso de transformación = transformation process.* proceso educativo = educative process, instructional process.* proceso electoral = electoral process.* proceso en paralelo = parallel processing.* proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.* proceso fotográfico = photographic process.* proceso fotolitográfico = photolithographic process.* proceso histórico = history-making process.* proceso judicial = adjudicatory proceeding, proceeding, prosecution.* proceso judicial ante jurado = jury trial.* proceso lineal = linear process.* proceso mental = thought process.* proceso penal = criminal proceeding.* proceso por lotes = batch processing.* proceso presupuestario = budgeting process.* proceso rutinario = routine.* proceso técnico = processing, technical process.* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.* prototipo para el proceso de datos = data modelling.* sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.* sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.* tarjeta de proceso = transaction card.* técnico encargado del proceso de datos = data-processing professional.* tiempo de proceso = processing time.* * *1)a) (serie de acciones, sucesos) processb) (Med)es una enfermedad de proceso lento — it is a long, drawn-out illness
2) (Der) trial3) (Inf) processing4) ( transcurso) course* * *= operation, process, processing, routine.Ex: With the advent of micro-computers even much smaller cataloguing operations can effectively be computerised.
Ex: The organisation of knowledge is a process that has been recognised as necessary for thousands of years.Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex: Chain indexing is a simple mechanical routine for generating a limited number of index entries for a subject.* acelerar el proceso de deterioro = hasten + rot.* acelerar un proceso = hasten + process.* activar un proceso = activate + process.* centro especializado de proceso de información = clearinghouse [clearing house].* departamento de procesos técnicos = processing department.* emprender un proceso de = set on + a course of.* empresa dedicada al proceso del cereal = corn processor.* en el proceso = in the process.* en proceso = in progress.* en proceso de = in the midst of, in course of.* en proceso de cambio = changing.* en proceso de construcción = under construction.* en proceso de envejecimiento = aging [ageing].* en proceso de remodelación = under renovation.* en proceso de transmisión = in transit.* estación de proceso = processing station.* estándar de proceso = processing standard.* estar en proceso de = be on the way to, be in the process of, be in the course of.* estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.* estar en proceso de + Infinitivo = be on to + Infinitivo.* evaluación de procesos = process rating.* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.* pasar por un proceso de = go through + a process of.* personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.* proceso automático = automatic process.* proceso bicromático = bichromate process.* proceso comunicativo = communication process.* proceso de acreditación = accreditation process.* proceso de aprendizaje = learning process.* proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.* proceso de búsqueda = searching process, search process.* proceso de cambio = process of change.* proceso de catalogación = cataloguing procedure.* proceso de catalogación, el = cataloguing process, the.* proceso de conexión = logon.* proceso de datos = data processing, transaction processing.* proceso de descafeinar = decaffeination.* proceso de envejecimiento = aging process.* proceso de evaluación = review process, evaluation process.* proceso de formación = instructional process.* proceso de fotolito = photolitho process.* proceso de homologación = accreditation process.* proceso de impresión = printing process.* proceso de indización = indexing process.* proceso de paz = peace process.* proceso de pedidos = order processing.* proceso de razonamiento = reasoning process.* proceso de reclamación = appeals process.* proceso de recuperación = retrieval process.* proceso de referencia = referral process.* proceso de referencia, el = reference process, the.* proceso de reforma = reform process.* proceso de selección = screening process, selection process.* proceso de trabajo = work process.* proceso de transferencia de la información = information transfer process.* proceso de transformación = transformation process.* proceso educativo = educative process, instructional process.* proceso electoral = electoral process.* proceso en paralelo = parallel processing.* proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.* proceso fotográfico = photographic process.* proceso fotolitográfico = photolithographic process.* proceso histórico = history-making process.* proceso judicial = adjudicatory proceeding, proceeding, prosecution.* proceso judicial ante jurado = jury trial.* proceso lineal = linear process.* proceso mental = thought process.* proceso penal = criminal proceeding.* proceso por lotes = batch processing.* proceso presupuestario = budgeting process.* proceso rutinario = routine.* proceso técnico = processing, technical process.* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.* prototipo para el proceso de datos = data modelling.* sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.* sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.* tarjeta de proceso = transaction card.* técnico encargado del proceso de datos = data-processing professional.* tiempo de proceso = processing time.* * *A1 (serie de acciones, sucesos) processsu recuperación será un proceso largo y complicado his recovery will be a long and complicated processun proceso natural/químico a natural/chemical processel proceso de paz the peace processproceso de selección selection procedure or process2 ( Med):sufre un proceso de insuficiencia respiratoria he has a respiratory complaintB ( Der) trialse le sigue proceso por robo she is being tried on a charge of theft, she is on trial for theftno se mencionó en el proceso it was not mentioned during the trialCompuestos:criminal proceedings (pl)written report, procès verbalC ( Inf) processingCompuesto:proceso de datos/textosdata/text processingD (transcurso) courseen el proceso de tres meses in the course of three months, over a period of three monthsE ( Pol)* * *
Del verbo procesar: ( conjugate procesar)
proceso es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
procesó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
procesar
proceso
procesar ( conjugate procesar) verbo transitivo
1 (Der) to try, prosecute
2 ‹materia prima/datos/solicitud› to process
proceso sustantivo masculino
1 (serie de acciones, sucesos) process
2 (Der) trial
3 (Inf) processing;◊ proceso de datos/textos data/word processing
4 ( transcurso) course
procesar verbo transitivo
1 Jur to prosecute
2 (información, productos) to process
proceso sustantivo masculino
1 process: el proceso de elaboración del vino, the winemaking process
2 (transcurso de tiempo) course
en el proceso de un año, in the course of a year
3 Inform processing
4 Jur trial, proceedings
' proceso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
causa
- estancar
- estancarse
- formativa
- formativo
- fundición
- iniciar
- producción
- seguimiento
- tránsito
- tratar
- acelerar
- activar
- adaptación
- agilizar
- anestesia
- apertura
- aprendizaje
- apresurar
- atasco
- burocrático
- caries
- controlar
- criba
- decadencia
- detener
- enlatado
- estacionar
- frenar
- ir
- medio
- mezcla
- obstruir
- retrasar
- tardado
- trabar
- trámite
English:
accelerate
- bath
- casting
- CPU
- data processing
- deliberation
- economic
- eventual
- inhibit
- institute
- insulation
- lengthy
- printing
- process
- prosecution
- robotization
- short-circuit
- smooth
- speed
- speed up
- stall
- stop
- streamlined
- study
- test
- thought process
- toilet-training
- trial
- work out
- break
- elimination
- suggestion
* * *proceso nm1. [fenómeno, operación] process;el proceso de paz the peace process;el proceso de fabricación de la cerveza the process of brewing beer;el paciente está en un proceso de recuperación the patient is in the process of recoveringproceso de fabricación manufacturing process2. [transcurso, intervalo] course;se esperan grandes cambios en el proceso de un año great changes are expected in the course of the year[causa] lawsuit;abrir un proceso contra alguien to bring an action against sbproceso civil civil action proceso por lotes batch processing;proceso subordinado background process;proceso de textos word processing6. RP Polel Proceso [dictadura] = military dictatorship in Uruguay (1973-85) or Argentina (1976-1983)* * *m1 ( procedimiento) process;proceso de paz peace process2 JUR trial3 INFOR:proceso de datos/textos data/word processing* * *proceso nm1) : process2) : trial, proceedings pl* * *proceso n1. (en general) process2. (enjuiciamiento) trial -
7 data
ˈdeɪtə сущ.;
мн. от datum
1) мн. от datum
2) часто как ед. данные, факты, сведения;
информация actual data ≈ фактические данные, реальные данные address data ≈ адресные сведения, адресные данные basic data ≈ исходные данные biographical data ≈ факты биографии business data ≈ деловая информация;
коммерческая информация to cite data ≈ ссылаться на данные to collect data ≈ собирать данные collect data ≈ текущие данные data processing ≈ обработка данных to evaluate data ≈ оценивать данные to feed in data ≈ поставлять данные to gather data ≈ собирать информацию to process data ≈ обрабатывать данные to retrieve data ≈ восстанавливать данные raw data ≈ сырой материал scientific data ≈ научные данные statistical data ≈ статистические данные to store data ≈ хранить данные Syn: news pl от datum pl (употребляется) тж. с гл. в ед. ч. данные, факты;
информация - this * эти данные - initial * исходные данные - calculation * данные вычислений - classified * секретные данные - coded * (за) кодированные данные - control * (информатика) управляющая информация - input * входные данные - laboratory * данные лабораторных исследований - observed * данные наблюдений - measured * результат измерений - * gathering сбор данных - * compression сжатие данных - quick-look * (профессионализм) оперативные данные - * оn word frequencies данные о частотах слов - * for study материал исследования - to gather * оn smth. cобирать материал о чем-л. (американизм) собирать или хранить подробную информацию absolute ~ вчт. абсолютные данные accept ~ вчт. принимать данные access ~ вчт. путевое имя данных actual ~ вчт. реальные данные adjusted ~ вчт. скорректированные данные aggregated ~ вчт. агрегированные данные aggregated ~ вчт. укрупненные данные alphabetic ~ вчт. буквенные данные alphanumeric ~ вчт. буквенно-цифровые данные alphanumeric ~ вчт. текстовые данные analog ~ вчт. алалоговые данные analog-digital ~ вчт. алалогово-цифровые данные anomalous ~ вчт. неверные данные area ~ зональные данные arrayed ~ вчт. массив данных arrayed ~ вчт. упорядоченные данные automated ~ processing вчт. автоматическая обработка данных automatic ~ processing вчт. автоматическая обработка данных processing: ~ обработка;
automatic data processing автоматическая обработка данных automatic ~ processing system вчт. система автоматической обработки данных available ~ вчт. доступные данные bad ~ вчт. неправильные данные biased ~ вчт. неравномерно распределенные данныые binary ~ вчт. двоичные данные biographical ~ биографические данные bipolar-valued ~ вчт. данные обоих знаков bit string ~ вчт. битовые строки blocked ~ вчт. блок данных blocked ~ вчт. сблокированные данные boolean ~ вчт. булевские данные built-in ~ вчт. встроенные данные business ~ вчт. деловая информация canned ~ вчт. искусственные данные chain ~ вчт. цепочка данных character string ~ вчт. строки символов cipher ~ вчт. зашифрованные данные classified ~ вчт. сгруппированные данные clean ~ вчт. достоверные данные clear ~ вчт. незашифрованные данные coded ~ вчт. незакодированные данные collect ~ собирать данные common ~ вчт. общие данные compacted ~ вчт. уплотненные дданные compatible ~ вчт. совместимые данные comprehensive ~ вчт. исчерпывающие данные comprehensive ~ вчт. полные данные computer usage ~ данные по использованию ЭВМ confidential ~ вчт. секретные данные constitutional ~ вчт. структированные данные constructed ~ вчт. исскуственные данные contiguous ~ вчт. сопутствующие данные continuous ~ вчт. аналоговые данные control ~ вчт. управляющие данные coordinate ~ вчт. координатные данные correction ~ вчт. поправочные данные critical ~ вчт. критические данные critical ~ вчт. критическое значение данных cross-section ~ вчт. структурные данные cumulative ~ вчт. накопленные данные current ~ вчт. текущие данные data pl от datum ~ pl данные;
факты;
сведения ~ вчт. данные ~ данные ~ pl информация ~ вчт. информация ~ информация ~ сведения ~ факты ~ aligner вчт. блок перегруппировки данных ~ control block вчт. блок управления данными ~ set control block вчт. блок управления набором данных data pl от datum datum: datum (pl data) данная величина, исходный факт ~ вчт. единица информации ~ характеристика ~ вчт. элемент данных debugging ~ вчт. отладочная информациия decimal ~ вчт. десятичные данные derived ~ вчт. выводимые данные descriptive ~ вчт. описательные данные digital ~ вчт. цифровые данные digitized ~ вчт. оцифрованные данные direct ~ set вчт. прямой набор данных disembodied ~ вчт. разрозненные данные dispersed ~ вчт. распределенные данные distributed ~ base вчт. распределенная база данных, РБД distributed ~ processing вчт. распределенная обработка данных processing: distributed data ~ вчт. рассредоточенная обработка информации documentary ~ вчт. распределенная информация downloaded ~ вчт. загружаемые данные dummy ~ set вчт. набор фиктивных данных encoded ~ вчт. кодированные данные encrypted ~ вчт. зашифрованные данные engineering ~ вчт. технические данные error ~ вчт. информация об ошибках evaluation ~ вчт. оценочные данные event ~ вчт. данные о событиях external ~ внешние данные false ~ вчт. ложные данные fictive ~ вчт. фиктивные данные field ~ вчт. эксплуатационные данные field-performance ~ вчт. эксплуатационая характеристика file ~ вчт. данные из файла file ~ вчт. описание файла filed ~ вчт. картотечные данные flagged ~ вчт. снабженные признаками данные formatted ~ вчт. форматированные данные graphic ~ вчт. графические данные hard disk ~ вчт. данные на жестком диске hierarchical ~ base вчт. база иерархических данных historical ~ вчт. данные о протекании процесса housekeeping ~ вчт. служебные данные identification ~ идентифицирующие данные image ~ вчт. видеоданные immediate ~ вчт. непосредственно получаемые данные imperfect ~ вчт. неполные данные improper ~ вчт. неподходящие данные impure ~ вчт. изменяемые данныые incoming ~ вчт. поступающие данные incomplete ~ вчт. неполные данные indexed ~ вчт. индексируемые данные indicative ~ вчт. индикационные данные indicative ~ вчт. характеристические данные initial ~ вчт. исходные данные input ~ вчт. входные данные input ~ вчт. исходные данные integated ~ вчт. сгруппированные данные integer ~ вчт. целочисленные данные integrated ~ вчт. сгруппированные данные interactive ~ вчт. данные взаимодействия intermediate ~ вчт. промежуточные данные intersection ~ вчт. данные пресечения invalid ~ недостоверные данные invisible ~ вчт. невидимая информация job ~ вчт. характеристика работы label ~ вчт. данные типа метки language ~ вчт. языковые данные lawful ~ разрешенные данные line ~ вчт. строковые данные loaded ~ base вчт. заполненная база данных locked ~ вчт. защищенные данные logged ~ вчт. регистрируемые данные logical ~ вчт. логические данные lost ~ вчт. потерянные данные low-activity ~ вчт. редкоиспользуемые данные machine-readable ~ вчт. машиночитаемые данные management ~ вчт. управленческая информация mass ~ вчт. массовые данные master ~ вчт. основные данные master ~ вчт. эталонные данные meaning ~ вчт. значащая информация meaningless ~ вчт. незначащие данные meta ~ вчт. метаинформация misleading ~ вчт. дезориентирующие данные missing ~ вчт. недостаточные данные missing ~ вчт. недостающие данные missing ~ вчт. потерянные данные multiple ~ вчт. многокомпонентные данные n-bit ~ вчт. n-разрядные двоичные данные non-numeric ~ вчт. нечисловые данные nonformatted ~ вчт. неформатированные данные normal ~ вчт. обычные данные null ~ вчт. отсутствие данных numeric ~ числовые данные numerical ~ вчт. числовые данные observed ~ вчт. данные наблюдений on-line ~ вчт. данные в памяти on-line ~ вчт. оперативные данные operational ~ вчт. рабочие данные original statistical ~ исходные статистические данные outgoing ~ вчт. выходные данные outgoing ~ вчт. исходящие данные output ~ вчт. выходные данные output ~ выходные данные packed ~ вчт. упакованные данные passing ~ вчт. пересылка данных personal ~ анкетные данные personal ~ личные данные pooled ~ вчт. совокупность данных poor ~ вчт. скудные данные primary ~ вчт. первичные данные private ~ вчт. закрытые данные problem ~ вчт. данные задачи problem ~ вчт. проблемные данные production ~ данные о выпуске продукции production ~ показатели хода производственного процесса production ~ технологические показатели public ~ вчт. общедоступные данные public ~ вчт. общие данные punched ~ вчт. отперфорированные данные pure ~ вчт. неизменяемые данные random test ~ случайные тестовые данные ranked ~ вчт. ранжированные данные ranked ~ вчт. упорядоченные данные rating ~ вчт. оценочные данные raw ~ вчт. необработанные данные raw ~ необработанные данные recovery ~ вчт. восстановительные данные reduced ~ вчт. сжатые данные reference ~ вчт. справочные данные refined ~ вчт. уточненные данные rejected ~ вчт. отвергаемые данные relative ~ вчт. относительные данные relevant ~ вчт. релевантные данные reliability ~ вчт. данные о надежности reliable ~ вчт. надежная информация representative ~ вчт. представительные данные restricted ~ вчт. защищенные данные run ~ вчт. параметр прогона run ~ вчт. параметры прогона sample ~ вчт. выборочные данные sampled ~ вчт. выборочные данные sampled ~ вчт. дискретные данные schedule ~ вчт. запланированные данные scratch ~ вчт. промежуточные данные secondary ~ вчт. вторичные данные sensitive ~ вчт. уязвимые данные serial ~ вчт. последовательные данные service ~ block вчт. блок служебных данных shareable ~ вчт. общие данные simulation ~ вчт. данные моделирования smoothed ~ вчт. сглаженные данные socio-economic ~ социально-экономические данные source ~ вчт. данные источника specified ~ вчт. детализированные данные sring ~ вчт. хранимый ток stale ~ вчт. устаревшие данные stand-alone ~ вчт. автономные данные stand-alone ~ вчт. одиночные данные starting ~ вчт. исходные данные starting ~ вчт. начальные данные statistical ~ статистические данные status ~ вчт. данные о состоянии stored ~ вчт. запоминаемые данные string ~ вчт. строковые данные structured ~ вчт. структурированные данные suspect ~ вчт. подозрительные данные synthetic ~ вчт. исскуственные данные system control ~ системное управление информацией system output ~ вчт. данные системного вывода tabular ~ вчт. табличные данные tabulated ~ вчт. табличные данные task ~ вчт. данные задачи test ~ вчт. данные испытаний test ~ вчт. контрольные данные test ~ вчт. тестовые данные time-series ~ вчт. данные временного ряда tooling ~ вчт. технологические данные transaction ~ вчт. данные сообщение transaction ~ вчт. параметры транзакции transcriptive ~ вчт. преобразуемые данные transient ~ вчт. транзитные данные transparent ~ вчт. прозрачные данные trouble-shooting ~ вчт. данные о неисправностях true ~ вчт. достоверные данные uncompatible ~ вчт. несовместимые данные unformatted ~ вчт. неформатированные данные ungrouped ~ вчт. несгруппированные данные unpacked ~ вчт. неупакованные данные unpacked ~ вчт. распакованные данные untagged ~ вчт. непомеченные данные updatable ~ вчт. обновляемые данные user ~ вчт. пользовательские данные valid ~ вчт. достоверные данные valid ~ достоверные данные variable ~ вчт. переменные данные video ~ визуальная информация virtual ~ вчт. виртуальные данные warrantly ~ вчт. данные приемочных испытаний warranty ~ вчт. сведения о гарантиях zero ~ вчт. нулевые данные -
8 data
[ˈdeɪtə]absolute data вчт. абсолютные данные accept data вчт. принимать данные access data вчт. путевое имя данных actual data вчт. реальные данные adjusted data вчт. скорректированные данные aggregated data вчт. агрегированные данные aggregated data вчт. укрупненные данные alphabetic data вчт. буквенные данные alphanumeric data вчт. буквенно-цифровые данные alphanumeric data вчт. текстовые данные analog data вчт. алалоговые данные analog-digital data вчт. алалогово-цифровые данные anomalous data вчт. неверные данные area data зональные данные arrayed data вчт. массив данных arrayed data вчт. упорядоченные данные automated data processing вчт. автоматическая обработка данных automatic data processing вчт. автоматическая обработка данных processing: data обработка; automatic data processing автоматическая обработка данных automatic data processing system вчт. система автоматической обработки данных available data вчт. доступные данные bad data вчт. неправильные данные biased data вчт. неравномерно распределенные данныые binary data вчт. двоичные данные biographical data биографические данные bipolar-valued data вчт. данные обоих знаков bit string data вчт. битовые строки blocked data вчт. блок данных blocked data вчт. сблокированные данные boolean data вчт. булевские данные built-in data вчт. встроенные данные business data вчт. деловая информация canned data вчт. искусственные данные chain data вчт. цепочка данных character string data вчт. строки символов cipher data вчт. зашифрованные данные classified data вчт. сгруппированные данные clean data вчт. достоверные данные clear data вчт. незашифрованные данные coded data вчт. незакодированные данные collect data собирать данные common data вчт. общие данные compacted data вчт. уплотненные дданные compatible data вчт. совместимые данные comprehensive data вчт. исчерпывающие данные comprehensive data вчт. полные данные computer usage data данные по использованию ЭВМ confidential data вчт. секретные данные constitutional data вчт. структированные данные constructed data вчт. исскуственные данные contiguous data вчт. сопутствующие данные continuous data вчт. аналоговые данные control data вчт. управляющие данные coordinate data вчт. координатные данные correction data вчт. поправочные данные critical data вчт. критические данные critical data вчт. критическое значение данных cross-section data вчт. структурные данные cumulative data вчт. накопленные данные current data вчт. текущие данные data pl от datum data pl данные; факты; сведения data вчт. данные data данные data pl информация data вчт. информация data информация data сведения data факты data aligner вчт. блок перегруппировки данных data control block вчт. блок управления данными data set control block вчт. блок управления набором данных data pl от datum datum: datum (pl data) данная величина, исходный факт data вчт. единица информации data характеристика data вчт. элемент данных debugging data вчт. отладочная информациия decimal data вчт. десятичные данные derived data вчт. выводимые данные descriptive data вчт. описательные данные digital data вчт. цифровые данные digitized data вчт. оцифрованные данные direct data set вчт. прямой набор данных disembodied data вчт. разрозненные данные dispersed data вчт. распределенные данные distributed data base вчт. распределенная база данных, РБД distributed data processing вчт. распределенная обработка данных processing: distributed data data вчт. рассредоточенная обработка информации documentary data вчт. распределенная информация downloaded data вчт. загружаемые данные dummy data set вчт. набор фиктивных данных encoded data вчт. кодированные данные encrypted data вчт. зашифрованные данные engineering data вчт. технические данные error data вчт. информация об ошибках evaluation data вчт. оценочные данные event data вчт. данные о событиях external data внешние данные false data вчт. ложные данные fictive data вчт. фиктивные данные field data вчт. эксплуатационные данные field-performance data вчт. эксплуатационая характеристика file data вчт. данные из файла file data вчт. описание файла filed data вчт. картотечные данные flagged data вчт. снабженные признаками данные formatted data вчт. форматированные данные graphic data вчт. графические данные hard disk data вчт. данные на жестком диске hierarchical data base вчт. база иерархических данных historical data вчт. данные о протекании процесса housekeeping data вчт. служебные данные identification data идентифицирующие данные image data вчт. видеоданные immediate data вчт. непосредственно получаемые данные imperfect data вчт. неполные данные improper data вчт. неподходящие данные impure data вчт. изменяемые данныые incoming data вчт. поступающие данные incomplete data вчт. неполные данные indexed data вчт. индексируемые данные indicative data вчт. индикационные данные indicative data вчт. характеристические данные initial data вчт. исходные данные input data вчт. входные данные input data вчт. исходные данные integated data вчт. сгруппированные данные integer data вчт. целочисленные данные integrated data вчт. сгруппированные данные interactive data вчт. данные взаимодействия intermediate data вчт. промежуточные данные intersection data вчт. данные пресечения invalid data недостоверные данные invisible data вчт. невидимая информация job data вчт. характеристика работы label data вчт. данные типа метки language data вчт. языковые данные lawful data разрешенные данные line data вчт. строковые данные loaded data base вчт. заполненная база данных locked data вчт. защищенные данные logged data вчт. регистрируемые данные logical data вчт. логические данные lost data вчт. потерянные данные low-activity data вчт. редкоиспользуемые данные machine-readable data вчт. машиночитаемые данные management data вчт. управленческая информация mass data вчт. массовые данные master data вчт. основные данные master data вчт. эталонные данные meaning data вчт. значащая информация meaningless data вчт. незначащие данные meta data вчт. метаинформация misleading data вчт. дезориентирующие данные missing data вчт. недостаточные данные missing data вчт. недостающие данные missing data вчт. потерянные данные multiple data вчт. многокомпонентные данные n-bit data вчт. n-разрядные двоичные данные non-numeric data вчт. нечисловые данные nonformatted data вчт. неформатированные данные normal data вчт. обычные данные null data вчт. отсутствие данных numeric data числовые данные numerical data вчт. числовые данные observed data вчт. данные наблюдений on-line data вчт. данные в памяти on-line data вчт. оперативные данные operational data вчт. рабочие данные original statistical data исходные статистические данные outgoing data вчт. выходные данные outgoing data вчт. исходящие данные output data вчт. выходные данные output data выходные данные packed data вчт. упакованные данные passing data вчт. пересылка данных personal data анкетные данные personal data личные данные pooled data вчт. совокупность данных poor data вчт. скудные данные primary data вчт. первичные данные private data вчт. закрытые данные problem data вчт. данные задачи problem data вчт. проблемные данные production data данные о выпуске продукции production data показатели хода производственного процесса production data технологические показатели public data вчт. общедоступные данные public data вчт. общие данные punched data вчт. отперфорированные данные pure data вчт. неизменяемые данные random test data случайные тестовые данные ranked data вчт. ранжированные данные ranked data вчт. упорядоченные данные rating data вчт. оценочные данные raw data вчт. необработанные данные raw data необработанные данные recovery data вчт. восстановительные данные reduced data вчт. сжатые данные reference data вчт. справочные данные refined data вчт. уточненные данные rejected data вчт. отвергаемые данные relative data вчт. относительные данные relevant data вчт. релевантные данные reliability data вчт. данные о надежности reliable data вчт. надежная информация representative data вчт. представительные данные restricted data вчт. защищенные данные run data вчт. параметр прогона run data вчт. параметры прогона sample data вчт. выборочные данные sampled data вчт. выборочные данные sampled data вчт. дискретные данные schedule data вчт. запланированные данные scratch data вчт. промежуточные данные secondary data вчт. вторичные данные sensitive data вчт. уязвимые данные serial data вчт. последовательные данные service data block вчт. блок служебных данных shareable data вчт. общие данные simulation data вчт. данные моделирования smoothed data вчт. сглаженные данные socio-economic data социально-экономические данные source data вчт. данные источника specified data вчт. детализированные данные sring data вчт. хранимый ток stale data вчт. устаревшие данные stand-alone data вчт. автономные данные stand-alone data вчт. одиночные данные starting data вчт. исходные данные starting data вчт. начальные данные statistical data статистические данные status data вчт. данные о состоянии stored data вчт. запоминаемые данные string data вчт. строковые данные structured data вчт. структурированные данные suspect data вчт. подозрительные данные synthetic data вчт. исскуственные данные system control data системное управление информацией system output data вчт. данные системного вывода tabular data вчт. табличные данные tabulated data вчт. табличные данные task data вчт. данные задачи test data вчт. данные испытаний test data вчт. контрольные данные test data вчт. тестовые данные time-series data вчт. данные временного ряда tooling data вчт. технологические данные transaction data вчт. данные сообщение transaction data вчт. параметры транзакции transcriptive data вчт. преобразуемые данные transient data вчт. транзитные данные transparent data вчт. прозрачные данные trouble-shooting data вчт. данные о неисправностях true data вчт. достоверные данные uncompatible data вчт. несовместимые данные unformatted data вчт. неформатированные данные ungrouped data вчт. несгруппированные данные unpacked data вчт. неупакованные данные unpacked data вчт. распакованные данные untagged data вчт. непомеченные данные updatable data вчт. обновляемые данные user data вчт. пользовательские данные valid data вчт. достоверные данные valid data достоверные данные variable data вчт. переменные данные video data визуальная информация virtual data вчт. виртуальные данные warrantly data вчт. данные приемочных испытаний warranty data вчт. сведения о гарантиях zero data вчт. нулевые данные -
9 procesamiento
m.1 prosecution (law).2 processing (computing).procesamiento automático de datos automatic data processingprocesamiento de textos word processing* * *1 DERECHO trial2 INFORMÁTICA processing\dictar auto de procesamiento contra alguien to commit somebody for trial, prosecute somebodyauto de procesamiento prosecutionprocesamiento de datos INFORMÁTICA data processingprocesamiento de textos INFORMÁTICA word processing* * *SM1) (Jur) [gen] prosecution; (=juicio) trialauto II, 1)2) (Inform) processing3) (Téc) processing* * *1) (Der) prosecution, trial2) (Tec, Inf) processing•* * *= computation, manipulation, processing, throughput, prosecution.Ex. Frequently numeric data bases and the hosts which support them permit some computation and manipulation of the retrieved data.Ex. Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex. This revision to the Decimal Classification was adopted immediately by BNB, which would otherwise have found great difficulty in classifying much of its throughput.Ex. This article describes the legal consequences of the perpetration of these crimes and procedural aspects of their prosecution.----* cadena de procesamiento = processing stream.* capacidad de procesamiento = processing power.* postprocesamiento = post-processing.* procesamiento de datos = data processing.* procesamiento de datos numéricos = number-crunching.* procesamiento de información = information processing.* procesamiento de préstamos = loan processing.* procesamiento de señales = signal processing.* procesamiento de texto = text processing.* procesamiento de textos = word processing, wordprocessing.* procesamiento en lenguaje natural = natural language processing.* procesamiento informático = machine processing.* sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.* tasa de procesamiento = processing rate.* * *1) (Der) prosecution, trial2) (Tec, Inf) processing•* * *= computation, manipulation, processing, throughput, prosecution.Ex: Frequently numeric data bases and the hosts which support them permit some computation and manipulation of the retrieved data.
Ex: Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex: This revision to the Decimal Classification was adopted immediately by BNB, which would otherwise have found great difficulty in classifying much of its throughput.Ex: This article describes the legal consequences of the perpetration of these crimes and procedural aspects of their prosecution.* cadena de procesamiento = processing stream.* capacidad de procesamiento = processing power.* postprocesamiento = post-processing.* procesamiento de datos = data processing.* procesamiento de datos numéricos = number-crunching.* procesamiento de información = information processing.* procesamiento de préstamos = loan processing.* procesamiento de señales = signal processing.* procesamiento de texto = text processing.* procesamiento de textos = word processing, wordprocessing.* procesamiento en lenguaje natural = natural language processing.* procesamiento informático = machine processing.* sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.* tasa de procesamiento = processing rate.* * *B1 ( Tec) processing2 ( Inf) processingCompuestos:data processing● procesamiento de textos or palabrasword processingparallel processing* * *
procesamiento sustantivo masculino
1 (Der) prosecution, trial
2 (Tec, Inf) processing;
procesamiento sustantivo masculino
1 Jur prosecution, trial
2 Inform processing
procesamiento de datos/textos, data/ word processing
' procesamiento' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
auto
English:
processing
- word processing
- word
* * *1. Der prosecution2. Informát processingprocesamiento de datos data processing;procesamiento de textos word processing* * *m1 INFOR processing2 JUR prosecution* * *: processingprocesamiento de datos: data processing -
10 tratamiento
m.1 treatment.2 title, form of address.apear el tratamiento a alguien to address somebody more informally3 treatment (medicine).estoy en tratamiento I'm receiving treatment4 treatment (agua, sustancia, alimento).5 processing (computing).tratamiento de datos/textos data/word processing6 therapy, iatreusis.7 series of drugs that have to be taken, course.* * *1 (gen) treatment2 (de datos, materiales) processing3 (título) title, form of address\dar a alguien tratamiento de... to address somebody asun tratamiento a base de... MEDICINA a course of...tratamiento de datos data processingtratamiento de textos word processing* * *noun m.* * *SM1) [de objeto, material, tema] treatment; [de problema] handling, treatment2) (Med) treatment3) (Inform) processing4) [de persona] treatmentel tratamiento que recibí — the way I was treated, the treatment I received
5) (=título) title, style ( of address)* * *1)a) (Med) treatmentestoy en or bajo tratamiento médico — I am undergoing medical treatment
b) (de material, sustancia) treatmentc) ( de tema) treatment; ( de problema) handlingle ha dado un tratamiento muy superficial al tema — he has dealt very superficially with the subject
2) ( comportamiento hacia alguien) treatment3) ( título de cortesía) form of addressle dieron el tratamiento de señoría — they addressed him as `your Lordship'
* * *= approach [approaches, -pl.], processing, treatment, approximation, course of treatment, medication, manipulation.Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex. Not all classification schemes need to aim for this comprehensive treatment.Ex. If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.Ex. Moreover, the medical profession encompasses a spectrum of opinions as to the efficacy, value, and danger attendant upon various regimens and courses of treatment.Ex. Information obtained was used to check diagnoses, medications, or advice given to patients.Ex. Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.----* aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.* aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.* a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].* barniz para tratamiento de la madera = wood preservative.* dar un tratamiento = give + treatment.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.* resistente a un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].* sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.* tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.* tratamiento alfabético = alphabetical approach.* tratamiento alfabético de materias = alphabetical subject approach.* tratamiento analítico = analytical approach.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage disposal.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = waste water treatment.* tratamiento de datos = transaction processing.* tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.* tratamiento de fertilidad = fertility treatment.* tratamiento de imágenes = image processing.* Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).* tratamiento del agua = water treatment.* tratamiento de la información = data processing, information handling.* tratamiento dental = dental treatment.* tratamiento de textos = word processing.* tratamiento documental = document management.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* tratamiento hospitalario = hospital treatment.* tratamiento masivo = mass treatment.* tratamiento médico = doctoring, medical treatment.* tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.* tratamiento por fases = phased approach.* tratamiento químico = chemical treatment.* tratamiento quirúrgico = surgical treatment.* tratamiento siquiátrico = psychiatric treatment.* tratamiento sistemático = classified approach.* tratamiento urgente = fast track.* * *1)a) (Med) treatmentestoy en or bajo tratamiento médico — I am undergoing medical treatment
b) (de material, sustancia) treatmentc) ( de tema) treatment; ( de problema) handlingle ha dado un tratamiento muy superficial al tema — he has dealt very superficially with the subject
2) ( comportamiento hacia alguien) treatment3) ( título de cortesía) form of addressle dieron el tratamiento de señoría — they addressed him as `your Lordship'
* * *= approach [approaches, -pl.], processing, treatment, approximation, course of treatment, medication, manipulation.Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex: Not all classification schemes need to aim for this comprehensive treatment.Ex: If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.Ex: Moreover, the medical profession encompasses a spectrum of opinions as to the efficacy, value, and danger attendant upon various regimens and courses of treatment.Ex: Information obtained was used to check diagnoses, medications, or advice given to patients.Ex: Indexing may rely upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.* aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.* aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.* a prueba de un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].* barniz para tratamiento de la madera = wood preservative.* dar un tratamiento = give + treatment.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.* resistente a un tratamiento duro = ruggedised [ruggedized, -USA].* sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.* tratamiento a base de hierbas = herbal treatment.* tratamiento alfabético = alphabetical approach.* tratamiento alfabético de materias = alphabetical subject approach.* tratamiento analítico = analytical approach.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage disposal.* tratamiento de aguas residuales = waste water treatment.* tratamiento de datos = transaction processing.* tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.* tratamiento de fertilidad = fertility treatment.* tratamiento de imágenes = image processing.* Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).* tratamiento del agua = water treatment.* tratamiento de la información = data processing, information handling.* tratamiento dental = dental treatment.* tratamiento de textos = word processing.* tratamiento documental = document management.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* tratamiento hospitalario = hospital treatment.* tratamiento masivo = mass treatment.* tratamiento médico = doctoring, medical treatment.* tratamiento por condiciones = condition approach.* tratamiento por fases = phased approach.* tratamiento químico = chemical treatment.* tratamiento quirúrgico = surgical treatment.* tratamiento siquiátrico = psychiatric treatment.* tratamiento sistemático = classified approach.* tratamiento urgente = fast track.* * *A1 ( Med) treatmentestoy en or bajo tratamiento médico I am having o undergoing medical treatment, I'm under treatmenttendrá que seguir un tratamiento muy largo she will have to undergo a prolonged course of treatment3 (de un tema) treatmentsu tratamiento de este problema es muy original her treatment of this problem is very original, the way she deals with this problem is very originalle ha dado un tratamiento muy superficial al tema he has dealt very superficially with the subject, he has only just touched on the subjectCompuestos:data processingdata processingsewage treatmentword processinghormone replacement therapy, HRTB (comportamiento hacia alguien) treatmentno me puedo quejar del tratamiento que recibí I can't complain about the treatment I received o about the way I was treatedC [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (título de cortesía) form of addressle dieron el tratamiento de señoría they addressed him as `your Lordship'apearle el tratamiento a algn to drop sb's title* * *
tratamiento sustantivo masculino
1
no me quejo del tratamiento que recibí I can't complain about the treatment I received
2 ( título de cortesía) form of address
tratamiento sustantivo masculino
1 Med treatment
2 (al dirigirse a una persona) form of address
3 (de basuras, de un material) processing
1 Inform processing
tratamiento de textos, word processing
' tratamiento' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
antefirma
- capilar
- el
- reanimar
- responder
- respuesta
- reverencia
- santidad
- señor
- señora
- señorita
- señorito
- serenísima
- serenísimo
- someterse
- texto
- tratar
- Alteza
- cura
- curación
- doloroso
- don
- doña
- excelencia
- mejorar
- naturista
- seguir
- sesión
- suspender
- unidad
English:
address
- after-care
- course
- dear
- dental surgery
- experimental
- foul
- humane
- lady
- processing
- processor
- proper
- section
- shock treatment
- title
- treatment
- waterworks
- word processing
- handling
- honorable
- Ms
- under
- word
* * *tratamiento nm1. [de paciente, enfermedad] treatment;estoy en tratamiento I'm receiving treatmenttratamiento capilar hair restoration treatment;tratamiento de choque: [m5] le administraron un tratamiento de choque a base de vitaminas y hierro he was given massive doses of vitamins and iron;tratamiento combinado combined treatment;tratamiento del dolor pain relief;tratamiento de fertilidad fertility treatment2. [hacia persona] treatment;el humillante tratamiento dado a la institución por parte de las autoridades the humiliating treatment the institution received at the hands of the authorities3. [título] form of address;apear el tratamiento a alguien to address sb more informally4. [de tema] treatment;la película tiene un tratamiento más lírico del problema que la novela the problem is given a more lyrical treatment in the movie than in the novel5. [de material, producto] treatmenttratamiento de residuos waste treatment o processing6. Informát processingtratamiento de datos data processing;tratamiento de imagen image processing;tratamiento de textos word processingTRATAMIENTOIn Latin America a lot of importance is attached to forms of address, which is hardly surprising in societies with pronounced differences between social classes. In many countries higher education is a privilege still largely restricted to the wealthy few and much significance is attached to university degrees and the titles that go with them. Titles such as “licenciado” (graduate, much used in Mexico), “doctor” (used, for example, in Colombia and Uruguay) and “ingeniero” (engineer) are used to address people felt to have social standing, sometimes even when they don't actually possess the degree in question. Such titles are also commonly used on business cards and in addresses.* * *m treatment* * *tratamiento nm: treatment* * *tratamiento n treatment -
11 language
1) языка) естественный язык, средство человеческого общенияб) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информациив) стильг) речь2) языкознание, лингвистика•- actor language
- agent communication language
- a-hardware programming language - application-oriented language
- applicative language
- a-programming language
- artificial language
- assembler language
- assembly language
- assignment language
- author language
- authoring language - business-oriented programming language
- categorical language - configuration language
- constraint language
- combined programming language
- command language
- common language
- common business-oriented language
- compiled language
- compiler language
- computer language
- computer-dependent language - computer-oriented language
- computer-sensitive language
- concurrent language - context- sensitive language
- conversational language
- coordinate language
- database language
- database query language - data structure language
- digital system design language
- declarative language
- declarative markup language
- definitional language
- definitional constraint language
- design language
- device media control language - dynamically scoped language - elementary formalized language
- embedding language
- event-driven language
- expression language
- extensible language - formalized language - functional language
- functional programming language - graph-oriented language - high-order language
- host language - hypersymbol language
- imperative language
- in-line language
- input language
- intelligent language
- interactive language - interpreted language - Java programming language - lexically scoped language
- list-processing language
- low-level language
- machine language
- machine-independent language
- machine-oriented language
- macro language
- manipulator language - meta language
- mnemonic language
- musical language - native-mode language
- natural language - nonprocedural language
- object language
- object-oriented language - physical language
- picture query language
- portable language
- portable standard language
- polymorphic language - print control language
- problem-oriented language
- problem statement language
- procedural language
- procedure-oriented language
- program language
- programming language
- publishing language
- query language
- question-answering language
- register-transfer language
- regular language
- relational language
- right-associative language
- robot language
- robot-level language
- robotic control language
- rule language
- rule-oriented language
- scientific programming language
- script language
- scripting language - sign language
- single-assignment language
- software command language
- source language
- special-purpose programming language
- specification language - stratified language
- stream language
- string-handling language - strongly-typed language - symbolic language - thing language - tone language
- two-dimensional pictorial query language
- typed language
- typeless language
- unchecked language
- unformalized language
- universal language
- unstratified language
- untyped language
- user-oriented language
- very high-level language - well-structured programming language -
12 language
1) языка) естественный язык, средство человеческого общенияб) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информациив) стильг) речь2) языкознание, лингвистика•- a programming language
- abstract machine language
- actor language
- agent communication language
- algebraic logic functional language
- algorithmic language
- amorhic language
- application-oriented language
- applicative language
- artificial language
- assembler language
- assembly language
- assignment language
- author language
- authoring language
- axiomatic architecture description language
- basic combined programming language
- block-structured language
- boundary scan description language
- business-oriented language
- business-oriented programming language
- categorical abstract machine language
- categorical language
- cellular language
- combined programming language
- command language
- common business-oriented language
- common language
- compiled language
- compiler language
- computer hardware description language
- computer language
- computer-dependent language
- computer-independent language
- computer-oriented language
- computer-sensitive language
- concurrent language
- configuration language
- constraint language
- context-free language
- context-sensitive language
- conversational language
- coordinate language
- data definition language
- data description language
- data manipulation language
- data structure language
- database language
- database query language
- declarative language
- declarative markup language
- definitional constraint language
- definitional language
- design language
- device media control language
- digital system design language
- document style semantics and specification language
- domain-specific language
- dynamic hypertext markup language
- dynamic simulation language
- dynamically scoped language
- elementary formalized language
- embedding language
- event-driven language
- expression language
- extensible hypertext markup language
- extensible language
- extensible markup language
- fabricated language
- fifth-generation language
- first-generation language
- formal language
- formalized language
- fourth-generation language
- frame language
- function graph language
- functional language
- functional programming language
- geometrical layout description language
- graphics language
- graph-oriented language
- hardware description language
- Hewlett-Packard graphics language
- Hewlett-Packard printer control language
- high-level language
- high-order language
- host language
- hypersymbol language
- hypertext markup language plus
- hypertext markup language
- imperative language
- in-line language
- input language
- intelligent language
- interactive language
- interactive set language
- intermediate language
- interpreted language
- Java interface definition language
- Java language
- Java programming language
- job control language
- Jules' own version of the international algorithmic language
- knowledge query and manipulation language
- left-associative language
- lexically scoped language
- list-processing language
- low-level language
- machine language
- machine-independent language
- machine-oriented language
- macro language
- manipulator language
- man-machine language
- mathematical markup language
- matrix-based programming language
- meta language
- mnemonic language
- musical language
- my favorite toy language
- native language
- native-mode language
- natural language
- network control language
- network description language
- noninteractive language
- nonprocedural language
- object language
- object-oriented language
- page description language
- parallel object-oriented language
- partial differential equation language
- pattern-matching language
- physical language
- picture query language
- polymorphic language
- portable language
- portable standard language
- practical extraction and report language
- prescriptive language
- print control language
- problem statement language
- problem-oriented language
- procedural language
- procedure-oriented language
- program language
- programming language
- publishing language
- query language
- question-answering language
- register-transfer language
- regular language
- relational language
- right-associative language
- robot language
- robotic control language
- robot-level language
- rule language
- rule-oriented language
- scientific programming language
- script language
- scripting language
- second-generation language
- sense language
- server-parsed hypertext markup language
- set language
- sign language
- simulation language
- single-assignment language
- software command language
- source language
- special-purpose programming language
- specification and assertion language
- specification language
- stack-based language
- standard generalized markup language
- statically scoped language
- stratified language
- stream language
- string-handling language
- string-oriented symbolic language
- string-processing language
- strongly-typed language
- structural design language
- structured query language
- subset language
- symbolic language
- symbolic layout description language
- synchronized multimedia integration language
- target language
- thing language
- third-generation language
- threaded language
- tone language
- two-dimensional pictorial query language
- typed language
- typeless language
- unchecked language
- unformalized language
- universal language
- unstratified language
- untyped language
- user-oriented language
- very high-level language
- very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language
- Vienna definition language
- virtual reality modeling language
- visual language
- well-structured programming language
- wireless markup languageThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > language
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13 CMPS
1) Военный термин: Compartmented Mode Processing System, Concept Master Plan System, combined military planning staff2) Техника: centimeter per second3) Сокращение: Crooks Michell Peacock Stewart Pty Ltd (Australia)4) Сопротивление материалов: сочетание наибольших значений составляющих главного напряжения (Combined Maximum Principal Stress)5) Программирование: Compare String (Byte or Word)6) Расширение файла: Compare Word String -
14 cmps
1) Военный термин: Compartmented Mode Processing System, Concept Master Plan System, combined military planning staff2) Техника: centimeter per second3) Сокращение: Crooks Michell Peacock Stewart Pty Ltd (Australia)4) Сопротивление материалов: сочетание наибольших значений составляющих главного напряжения (Combined Maximum Principal Stress)5) Программирование: Compare String (Byte or Word)6) Расширение файла: Compare Word String -
15 open
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16 cadena
f.1 chain.reacción en cadena chain reactiontirar de la cadena to flush the toilet, to pull the chain (de lavabo)cadena alimentaria o alimenticia food chaincadena hotelera hotel chaincadena montañosa mountain rangecadena perpetua life imprisonmentcadena de tiendas chain of stores2 channel (television).¿en qué cadena dan la película? what channel is the movie on?3 line.cadena de montaje assembly linecadena de producción production line4 series, chain.5 group, business group.6 concatenation, train, catena.* * *1 (gen) chain; (de perro) leash, lead2 (grupo de empresas) chain3 (industrial) line4 (montañosa) range5 (musical) music centre (US center)6 TELEVISIÓN channel7 RADIO chain of stations1 AUTOMÓVIL tyre (US tire) chains\tirar de la cadena (del wáter) to flush the toilettrabajar en cadena to work on the production linecadena de fabricación production linecadena de montaje assembly linecadena montañosa mountain rangecadena perpetua life imprisonmentcadena trófica food chainreacción en cadena chain reactiontrabajo en cadena assembly-line work* * *noun f.1) chain2) channel3) range•* * *SF1) [de eslabones, joyería] chainse me salió la cadena de la bici — the chain came off my bike, my bike chain came off
tirar de la cadena (del wáter) — to flush the toilet, pull the chain
2) (Radio, TV) (=canal) channel3) (Audio)cadena musical — music centre, sound system
4) (Com) [de hoteles, tiendas, restaurantes] chain5)6) (=sucesión) [de acontecimientos, átomos] chain; [de atentados] string, seriesen cadena: colisión en cadena — multiple collision, (multiple) pile-up
cadena de caracteres — (Inform) character string
7)cadena perpetua — (Jur) life imprisonment, life
8) pl cadenas (Aut) tyre o (EEUU) tire chains* * *1)a) ( de eslabones) chaines necesario el uso de cadenas — (Auto) (snow) chains should be used
b) ( del wáter) chain2)a) (de hechos, fenómenos) chainb) (Geog) tbcadena montañosa or de montañas — mountain range, chain of mountains
c) (Inf) string3) (Com) chain4) (TV) channel5) (Audio) tb* * *= chain, string, chain.Ex. Pre-co-ordinate indexing is conventional indexing of the type commonly found in printed indexes, where a document is represented in the index by a heading or headings consisting of a chain of terms.Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex. The author describes various insignia (seals, maces, medals and chains) used by Zagreb University in the 19th and 20th cs.----* atar con cadenas = chain.* cadena alimenticia = food chain.* cadena comercial = shop chain.* cadena de caracteres = character string.* cadena de comercios = retail chain.* cadena de conceptos = chain.* cadena de distribución = timing chain.* cadena de fabricación = production line.* cadena de hoteles = hotel chain, hotel chain, hotel chain.* cadena de impresión = print chain.* cadena de indización = index string, indexing string.* cadena de la comercialización = value chain.* cadena de la información = information chain, the, information provision chain, the.* cadena del enfriamiento, la = cold chain, the.* cadena de(l) frío, la = cold chain, the.* cadena de librerías = bookselling chain.* cadena de llavero = key chain.* cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.* cadena de mando = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain.* cadena de montaje = assembly line.* cadena de montañas = mountain range.* cadena de música = sound system, hi-fi system.* cadena de órdenes = command chain.* cadena de procesamiento = processing stream.* cadena de producción = production chain, production line.* cadena de producción y distribución, la = supply chain, the.* cadena de reloj = fob.* cadena de restaurantes = restaurant chain.* cadena de supermercados = superstore chain, supermarket chain, discount store.* cadena de texto = text string.* cadena de tiendas = discount store.* cadena de tracción = chaindrive.* cadena de valores = value chain.* cadena documental, la = information chain, the.* cadena jerárquica = hierarchy.* cadena musical = sound system, hi-fi system.* cadena perpetua = life imprisonment.* choque en cadena = pile-up.* colisión en cadena = pile-up.* condena a cadena perpetua = life term, life sentence.* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.* estafa de la venta en cadena = pyramid scam.* fabricado en cadena = manufactured.* grilletes y cadenas = balls and chains.* indización en cadena = chain indexing.* indizar en cadena = chain index.* método de indización en cadena = chain procedure.* penado con la cadena perpetua = punishable by life, punishable by life imprisonment.* preso condenado a cadena perpetua = lifer.* reacción en cadena = chain reaction, knock-on effect.* reacción nuclear en cadena = nuclear chain reaction.* romper las cadenas de la esclavitud = cast off + Posesivo + chains.* tienda de una cadena = chain store.* tirar de la cadena = flush + the toilet.* una cadena de = a necklace of.* una cadena de + Montañas = a range of + Montañas.* * *1)a) ( de eslabones) chaines necesario el uso de cadenas — (Auto) (snow) chains should be used
b) ( del wáter) chain2)a) (de hechos, fenómenos) chainb) (Geog) tbcadena montañosa or de montañas — mountain range, chain of mountains
c) (Inf) string3) (Com) chain4) (TV) channel5) (Audio) tb* * *= chain, string, chain.Ex: Pre-co-ordinate indexing is conventional indexing of the type commonly found in printed indexes, where a document is represented in the index by a heading or headings consisting of a chain of terms.
Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.Ex: The author describes various insignia (seals, maces, medals and chains) used by Zagreb University in the 19th and 20th cs.* atar con cadenas = chain.* cadena alimenticia = food chain.* cadena comercial = shop chain.* cadena de caracteres = character string.* cadena de comercios = retail chain.* cadena de conceptos = chain.* cadena de distribución = timing chain.* cadena de fabricación = production line.* cadena de hoteles = hotel chain, hotel chain, hotel chain.* cadena de impresión = print chain.* cadena de indización = index string, indexing string.* cadena de la comercialización = value chain.* cadena de la información = information chain, the, information provision chain, the.* cadena del enfriamiento, la = cold chain, the.* cadena de(l) frío, la = cold chain, the.* cadena de librerías = bookselling chain.* cadena de llavero = key chain.* cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.* cadena de mando = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain.* cadena de montaje = assembly line.* cadena de montañas = mountain range.* cadena de música = sound system, hi-fi system.* cadena de órdenes = command chain.* cadena de procesamiento = processing stream.* cadena de producción = production chain, production line.* cadena de producción y distribución, la = supply chain, the.* cadena de reloj = fob.* cadena de restaurantes = restaurant chain.* cadena de supermercados = superstore chain, supermarket chain, discount store.* cadena de texto = text string.* cadena de tiendas = discount store.* cadena de tracción = chaindrive.* cadena de valores = value chain.* cadena documental, la = information chain, the.* cadena jerárquica = hierarchy.* cadena musical = sound system, hi-fi system.* cadena perpetua = life imprisonment.* choque en cadena = pile-up.* colisión en cadena = pile-up.* condena a cadena perpetua = life term, life sentence.* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.* estafa de la venta en cadena = pyramid scam.* fabricado en cadena = manufactured.* grilletes y cadenas = balls and chains.* indización en cadena = chain indexing.* indizar en cadena = chain index.* método de indización en cadena = chain procedure.* penado con la cadena perpetua = punishable by life, punishable by life imprisonment.* preso condenado a cadena perpetua = lifer.* reacción en cadena = chain reaction, knock-on effect.* reacción nuclear en cadena = nuclear chain reaction.* romper las cadenas de la esclavitud = cast off + Posesivo + chains.* tienda de una cadena = chain store.* tirar de la cadena = flush + the toilet.* una cadena de = a necklace of.* una cadena de + Montañas = a range of + Montañas.* * *cadena Cadena SER (↑ cadena a1)A1 (de eslabones) chainuna cadena de oro a gold chainme olvidé de echar or poner la cadena I forgot to put the chain on (the door)los prisioneros iban atados con cadenas the prisoners were chained upcuando el pueblo rompa las cadenas when the people throw off their chainses necesario el uso de cadenas ( Auto) (snow) chains should be useduna cadena humana a human chain2 (del wáter) chaintirar de or ( Col) soltar la cadena to pull the chain, flush the toilet3 (de cartas) chainCompuestos:bicycle lock( Auto) chain drive, timing chainsafety chaindrive chainlife imprisonmentfue condenado a cadena perpetua he was sentenced to life imprisonment, he was given a life sentenceendless chainB1 (de hechos, fenómenos) chainuna larga cadena de atentados a long series of attacksuna colisión en cadena a (multiple) pile-uptrabajo en cadena assembly-line workproducción en cadena mass production2 ( Geog) tbcadena montañosa or de montañas mountain range, chain of mountains3 ( Inf) string4 (figura de baile) grand chainCompuestos:● cadena alimentaria or alimenticiafood chain● cadena de fabricación or producciónproduction linechain of commandassembly linechain of speechfood chainC ( Com) chainuna cadena de supermercados a chain of supermarketscadena hotelera hotel chaincadena de radiodifusión radio networkCompuestos:distribution chainsupply chainD (TV) channelE ( Audio)tb cadena de sonido stack systemF (carta) chain letter* * *
cadena sustantivo femenino
1
( para la nieve) (snow) chain;
cadena perpetua life imprisonment
2
cadena de fabricación or producción production line;
cadena de montañas mountain range o chain;
en cadena ‹ transmisión› simultaneous;
una choque en cadena a pileup
3 (TV) channel
cadena sustantivo femenino
1 chain
2 (de una mascota, etc) lead, leash
3 TV channel
4 (de trabajo) line
5 Com (red de establecimientos) chain
6 cadena de montaje, assembly line
cadena de música, hi-fi system
Geography cadena montañosa, mountain range
Jur cadena perpetua, life imprisonment
7 cadenas pl, Auto tyre o US tire chains
♦ Locuciones: accidente en cadena, pile-up
reacción en cadena, chain reaction
' cadena' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amuleto
- choque
- conmutar
- eslabón
- perpetua
- perpetuo
- reacción
- sierra
- tener
- colisión
- enganchar
- enrollar
- fabricar
- montañoso
- producción
- tirar
- tirón
English:
assembly line
- chain
- chain letter
- chain store
- channel
- dangle
- flush
- food chain
- gold
- imprisonment
- life sentence
- mountain range
- of
- production line
- range
- rattle
- ridge
- wireless station
- assembly
- hook
- life
- network
- production
- sentence
* * *♦ nf1. [de eslabones, piezas] chain;una cadena de oro/de plata a gold/silver chain;Autcadenas [para el hielo] (tyre) chains, snow chains;Figrompió sus cadenas he broke out of his chainscadena alimentaria food chain;cadena alimenticia food chain;cadena antirrobo anti-theft chain;cadena humana human chain;Fisiol cadena respiratoria respiratory chain; Biol cadena trófica food chain2. [de lavabo] chain;tirar de la cadena to pull the chain, to flush the toilet3. [de establecimientos] chaincadena hotelera hotel chain;cadena de supermercados supermarket chain;cadena de tiendas chain of stores4. [de emisoras] networkcadena radiofónica radio station;cadena de televisión television channel;cadena televisiva television channel5. [canal televisivo] channel;¿en qué cadena dan la película? what channel is the movie on?6. [de montañas] rangecadena de montañas mountain range;cadena montañosa mountain range7. [de proceso industrial] lineMéx cadena de ensamblaje assembly line;cadena de montaje assembly line;cadena de producción production line8. Informát stringcadena de bits bit chain;cadena de caracteres character string;cadena SCSI SCSI chain9. Quím chain10. [de presidiarios] chain gang12. Ling string13. cadena perpetua life imprisonment;condenar a alguien a cadena perpetua to sentence sb to life imprisonment♦ en cadena loc adjaccidente en cadena pile-up;reacción en cadena chain reaction;trabajo en cadena assembly-line working* * *f1 chain;cadena humana human chain;cadena de tiendas chain of stores;cadena hotelera hotel chainlead3 TV channel4:* * *cadena nf1) : chain2) : network, channel3)cadena de montaje : assembly line4)cadena perpetua : life sentence* * *cadena n1. (en general) chain2. (de televisión) channel3. (de radio) station -
17 texto
m.1 text (palabras, libro).2 passage (pasaje).* * *1 text* * *noun m.* * *SM text* * *1) ( escrito) text2) ( libro) text, book* * *= narration, text, transcript, textual matter.Ex. The forms they take may be leaflets, workbooks perhaps intended to accompany audio units, or narration developed to accompany tape/slide shows or video displays.Ex. If the text is out of date it is foolish to bind the book.Ex. The cataloguer must make an exact transcript of the title on the title page.Ex. A word processor is simply a computer which is dedicated to the manipulation of textual matter.----* base de datos de texto = text-oriented database, text database.* base de datos de texto completo = full text database.* base de datos de texto libre = free text database.* búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.* búsqueda en texto completo = full text search.* cadena de texto = text string.* campo de texto libre = free-text field.* codificación de textos = text encoding.* con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.* conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech conversion.* convertido a texto = OCR-ed [OCRed].* de soporte de texto = text-carrying.* de texto = text-based.* documento de texto = textual document.* eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.* en texto completo = full-text.* enunciado de búsqueda en texto libre = free-text search statement.* enviar un mensaje de texto = text.* fichero de texto = text file.* frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.* información de texto completo = full-text information.* libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].* libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.* libro de texto escolar = school text.* Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).* mensaje de texto = text message.* minería de textos = text-mining.* nota al final del texto = endnote.* palabra del texto = text word.* paquete de edición de texto = editing package.* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.* Procesador de Matrices de Texto (TAP) = Text Array Processor (TAP).* procesador de texto = text processor.* procesador de textos = word processing software, word processor, text-processing software.* procesamiento de texto = text processing.* procesamiento de textos = word processing, wordprocessing.* programa de edición de texto = editor.* Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.* que no es texto = non-text.* recuperación de texto = text retrieval.* recuperación de texto completo = full text retrieval.* recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.* selección de textos = selected writings.* sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.* sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.* texto clásico = classical text.* texto completo = full text.* texto con letras grandes = large print.* texto continuo = stream of text.* texto electrónico = electronic text [e-text].* texto en columnas = columnar text.* texto enmarcado en un recuadro = boxed text.* texto escrito a máquina = typescript.* texto fuente = copy-text.* texto impreso = letterpress, printed text.* texto justificado = justified text.* texto legible por máquina = machine readable text.* texto libre = free text.* texto lineal = linear text.* texto literario = literary text.* texto mecanografiado = typescript.* texto narrado = narrative text.* texto para presentar oralmente = speaking text.* texto plano = plain text.* texto simple = plain text.* tratamiento de textos = word processing.* variante de un texto = variant text, variant reading.* * *1) ( escrito) text2) ( libro) text, book* * *= narration, text, transcript, textual matter.Ex: The forms they take may be leaflets, workbooks perhaps intended to accompany audio units, or narration developed to accompany tape/slide shows or video displays.
Ex: If the text is out of date it is foolish to bind the book.Ex: The cataloguer must make an exact transcript of the title on the title page.Ex: A word processor is simply a computer which is dedicated to the manipulation of textual matter.* base de datos de texto = text-oriented database, text database.* base de datos de texto completo = full text database.* base de datos de texto libre = free text database.* búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.* búsqueda en texto completo = full text search.* cadena de texto = text string.* campo de texto libre = free-text field.* codificación de textos = text encoding.* con las características similares a las de texto = text-like.* conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech conversion.* convertido a texto = OCR-ed [OCRed].* de soporte de texto = text-carrying.* de texto = text-based.* documento de texto = textual document.* eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.* en texto completo = full-text.* enunciado de búsqueda en texto libre = free-text search statement.* enviar un mensaje de texto = text.* fichero de texto = text file.* frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.* información de texto completo = full-text information.* libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].* libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.* libro de texto escolar = school text.* Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).* mensaje de texto = text message.* minería de textos = text-mining.* nota al final del texto = endnote.* palabra del texto = text word.* paquete de edición de texto = editing package.* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.* Procesador de Matrices de Texto (TAP) = Text Array Processor (TAP).* procesador de texto = text processor.* procesador de textos = word processing software, word processor, text-processing software.* procesamiento de texto = text processing.* procesamiento de textos = word processing, wordprocessing.* programa de edición de texto = editor.* Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).* que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.* que no es texto = non-text.* recuperación de texto = text retrieval.* recuperación de texto completo = full text retrieval.* recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.* selección de textos = selected writings.* sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.* sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.* texto clásico = classical text.* texto completo = full text.* texto con letras grandes = large print.* texto continuo = stream of text.* texto electrónico = electronic text [e-text].* texto en columnas = columnar text.* texto enmarcado en un recuadro = boxed text.* texto escrito a máquina = typescript.* texto fuente = copy-text.* texto impreso = letterpress, printed text.* texto justificado = justified text.* texto legible por máquina = machine readable text.* texto libre = free text.* texto lineal = linear text.* texto literario = literary text.* texto mecanografiado = typescript.* texto narrado = narrative text.* texto para presentar oralmente = speaking text.* texto plano = plain text.* texto simple = plain text.* tratamiento de textos = word processing.* variante de un texto = variant text, variant reading.* * *A (escrito) textel texto de una ley the text of a lawnos dieron a traducir un texto muy difícil we were given a very difficult passage o text to translateno te fijes en el dibujo, sino en el texto look at the words o text, not the picturetextos escogidos de Delibes selected texts o extracts from DelibesB (libro) text, book* * *
texto sustantivo masculino
text
texto sustantivo masculino text
libro de texto, textbook
Inform tratamiento de texto, word processing
' texto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abreviar
- acotar
- amputar
- anotar
- comentar
- comentario
- densidad
- desmenuzar
- dictar
- interlineal
- libro
- modificar
- mutilar
- pie
- prólogo
- puntuar
- recortar
- refundir
- rellena
- relleno
- remitir
- resumir
- revisión
- sangría
- supresión
- suprimir
- traducir
- acortar
- acotación
- alteración
- alterar
- apéndice
- apunte
- brevedad
- cita
- confuso
- constar
- correr
- corresponder
- cortar
- definitivo
- editar
- elemental
- íntegro
- intercalar
- interpretación
- interpretar
- lectura
- leer
- llave
English:
above
- abridged
- bowdlerize
- change
- copy
- doctor
- editing
- extract
- figure
- full
- gap
- go through
- highlight
- pad out
- padding
- prose
- put in
- say
- scan
- schoolbook
- scroll
- shorten
- table
- text
- textbook
- typescript
- wording
- writing
- type
* * *texto nm1. [palabras] texttexto cifrado cipher text; Informát texto oculto hidden text; Informát texto simulado Greek text2. [pasaje] passage3. [libro] text;los textos sagrados the sacred texts o writings* * *m text* * *texto nm: text* * *texto n text -
18 integrar
v.1 to integrate (gen) & (Mat).2 to make up.* * *1 (formar) to make up■ ¿qué países integran las Naciones Unidas? which countries make up the United Nations?2 (ayudar a la integración) to integrate, fit in■ es un grupo difícil de integrar en nuestra sociedad it's a group which is to integrate into our society1 to integrate\integrarse en un país to become integrated into a country* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=componer) to make up2) (=incorporar) [+ funciones, servicios] to incorporate, includeeste programa integra diversas funciones — this program incorporates o includes various functions
han integrado bien los muebles en el resto de la decoración — they have integrated o incorporated the furniture very well into the rest of the decor
un programa para integrar a los presos en el mercado laboral — a programme to integrate prisoners into the labour market
quieren integrar a su club en la federación deportiva — they want their club to become a member of o join the sports federation
3) (Mat) to integrate4) (Econ) (=reembolsar) to repay, reimburse; Cono Sur (=pagar) to pay up2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( formar) <grupo/organización> to make up2) ( incorporar) <idea/plan> to incorporate3) (Mat, Sociol) to integrate4) (CS) <suma/cantidad> to pay2.integrarse v prona) ( asimilarse) to integrate, fit inintegrarse a or en algo — to integrate into something, fit into something
b) ( unirse)integrarse a or en algo — to join something
* * *= absorb, encompass, integrate, mainstream, fit together, interweave, mesh, plug into, bring + Nombre + into the matter, populate, embed [imbed, -USA].Ex. For the majority, however, IT was regarded as simply another topic to absorb into syllabuses.Ex. The classification schemes that have been considered so far are general bibliographic classification schemes in that they attempt to encompass all of knowledge.Ex. The acquisitions system integrates data from the Online Union Catalogue with local order and fund data, thus improving order processing and providing current accounting information.Ex. This article describes the philosophy of some of the practical techniques used to achieve the goal of mainstreaming CD-ROMs into the library collection.Ex. The narrative may be unfamiliar in its structure so that they are unsure about the way different elements of the story fit together.Ex. Information services should also be interwoven with the social fabric and firmly rooted in a commuity in order to be acceptable.Ex. Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.Ex. In addition, when the heuristic approach is plugged into this interchange, the many additional facets of human personality and experience transform the exchange.Ex. This article explains how the epistolatory aspect of the books was exploited by the librarian in encouraging interest in the stories and how the children's craft work was brought into the matter (making rag dolls of the characters).Ex. One way librarians can add value is by carefully selecting, evaluating, and describing the resources that populate their Internet collections.Ex. String searching is a technique for locating a string of characters, even if it is embedded within a larger term.----* integrar en = merge into, lump + Nombre + into.* integrar formando un todo = articulate.* integrarse con = interface to/with, become + one with.* integrarse en = blend into, blend in with.* integrarse en el paisaje = blend into + the landscape.* integrarse en la sociedad = integrate into + society.* poderse integrar en = be integrable in.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( formar) <grupo/organización> to make up2) ( incorporar) <idea/plan> to incorporate3) (Mat, Sociol) to integrate4) (CS) <suma/cantidad> to pay2.integrarse v prona) ( asimilarse) to integrate, fit inintegrarse a or en algo — to integrate into something, fit into something
b) ( unirse)integrarse a or en algo — to join something
* * *= absorb, encompass, integrate, mainstream, fit together, interweave, mesh, plug into, bring + Nombre + into the matter, populate, embed [imbed, -USA].Ex: For the majority, however, IT was regarded as simply another topic to absorb into syllabuses.
Ex: The classification schemes that have been considered so far are general bibliographic classification schemes in that they attempt to encompass all of knowledge.Ex: The acquisitions system integrates data from the Online Union Catalogue with local order and fund data, thus improving order processing and providing current accounting information.Ex: This article describes the philosophy of some of the practical techniques used to achieve the goal of mainstreaming CD-ROMs into the library collection.Ex: The narrative may be unfamiliar in its structure so that they are unsure about the way different elements of the story fit together.Ex: Information services should also be interwoven with the social fabric and firmly rooted in a commuity in order to be acceptable.Ex: Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.Ex: In addition, when the heuristic approach is plugged into this interchange, the many additional facets of human personality and experience transform the exchange.Ex: This article explains how the epistolatory aspect of the books was exploited by the librarian in encouraging interest in the stories and how the children's craft work was brought into the matter (making rag dolls of the characters).Ex: One way librarians can add value is by carefully selecting, evaluating, and describing the resources that populate their Internet collections.Ex: String searching is a technique for locating a string of characters, even if it is embedded within a larger term.* integrar en = merge into, lump + Nombre + into.* integrar formando un todo = articulate.* integrarse con = interface to/with, become + one with.* integrarse en = blend into, blend in with.* integrarse en el paisaje = blend into + the landscape.* integrarse en la sociedad = integrate into + society.* poderse integrar en = be integrable in.* * *integrar [A1 ]vtA (formar) ‹grupo/organización› to make upintegran el jurado actores y directores the jury is made up of o composed of actors and directorsla comisión está integrada por representantes de ambos países the commission is made up of o comprises representatives from both countrieslos países que integran la organización the countries which make up o form the organizationB (incorporar) integrar algo/a algn A or EN algo:ha conseguido integrar todos estos elementos en la película she has managed to incorporate all these elements into the movieestos dos bancos se han integrado al grupo Tecribe these two banks have been incorporated into o have become part of the Tecribe groupuna empresa integrada en el grupo Oriol a company which forms part of the Oriol grouppara integrar al niño en el grupo to integrate the child into the groupC ( Mat) to integrateD (CS) ‹suma/cantidad› to pay1 (asimilarse) to integrate, fit in integrarse A or EN algo to integrate INTO sth, fit INTO sthle fue difícil integrarse a or en esa sociedad he found it difficult to integrate into that society o fit into that societyse va a integrar muy rápido al or en el equipo he'll fit into the team very quickly2 (unirse) integrarse A or EN algo to join sthcuando España se integró a la Comunidad Europea when Spain joined the European Community* * *
integrar ( conjugate integrar) verbo transitivo
1 ( formar) ‹grupo/organización› to make up
2 ( incorporar) ‹idea/plan› to incorporate
3 (Mat, Sociol) to integrate
4 (CS) ‹suma/cantidad› to pay
integrarse verbo pronominal
integrarse a or en algo to integrate into sth, fit into sth
integrar vtr (componer, formar parte de) to compose, make up: cinco científicos y un filósofo integran la expedición, the expedition consists of five scientists and one philosopher
' integrar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
incorporar
English:
integrate
* * *♦ vt1. [incluir] to integrate;han integrado un chip en el motor the motor has a chip built into it;integra fax y fotocopiadora en un solo aparato it combines a fax and a photocopier in one machine;su objetivo es integrar a los inmigrantes en la comunidad their aim is to integrate immigrants into the community2. [componer] to make up;integran la comisión expertos en el tema the committee is made up of o composed of experts on the subject;una banda integrada por siete asaltantes robó el banco a gang of seven robbed the bank3. Mat to integrate* * *v/t integrate; equipo make up* * *integrar vt: to make up, to compose -
19 Fjalor i shkurtër terminoiogjik i informatikës
AAbort - ndërprerje e operacionit, procesit ose procedures gjatë kryerjes së tij.Accept - pranon.Access time - koha e arritjes së të dhënave.Accessories - veglat ndihmëse në Windows.Adapter - kartelë për zgjerim e cila instalohet në kompjuter.Adress register - numër hemksadecimal i cili e tregon adresën e lokacionit të caktuar të memorjes.Algorithm - zgjidhja e një problemi hap pas hapi.allocate - ndarje të resurseve të kompjuterit, si për shembull në disk, shtypës ose memorje të çdo skedari, shfrytëzuesi ose procesi.alpha numeric characters - shenja alfanu-merike. Të gjitha shenjat që i shfrytëzon kompjuteri, përfshirë këtu edhe shkronjat, shifrat, shenjat për interpunksion dhe shenjat speciale, siç janë: \$, \@ i \#ANSI (American National Standar Institute) - Instituti Nacional Amerikan për Standarde.ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - Kodi amerikan për këmbim të informacioneve. Renditje standarde e shtatë shifrave binare (shifra e shtatë mund të jepet për kontroll të çiftësisë) e cila aplikohet për paraqitjen e shenjave në kompjuter.Animation - animacion - Iluzion i lëvizjes me paraqitje të shpejtë të fotografive të njëpasnjëshme, e cila arrihet me përdorim të harduerit dhe softuerit përkatës. Programet më të njohura për animacion janë: 3 D Studio, Autodesk Chaos, Imagine etj.Application - program i cili është i dedikuar për shfrytëzuesit e rëndomtë, i cili është i projektuar për kryerje të ndonjë pune të caktuar. Për shembull aplikacioni për kontabilitet financiar.Application development tools - vegla për krijim të programeve aplikative.ALU ( Arithmetic-Logic Unit) - njësi aritmetiko-logjike. Është pjesë e njësisë qendrore (çip i mikroprocesorit) e cila kryen operacione kryesore aritmetike dhe logjike me të dhënat.Artificial Intelligence - intelegjencë artificiale. Emër i sistemeve të kompjuterit që duhet të shfaqin inteligjencë njerëzore, si kuptim për fjalën e thënë, si reagim ndaj ambientit të tyre fizik dhe adaptimit ndaj kushteve të tilla.Ascending order - rendi i radhitjes së elementeve sipas rendit të rritjes, prej vlerave më të vogla kah më të mëdhatë (a, b, c...)Assembler - përkthyes programor. Program i projektuar që t'i transformojë instruksionet simbolike në formë më të qëlluar për t'i kryer në kompjuter.Assign - dhënie vlerë diçkaje që është shfrytëzuar në programim.Asterisk - shenja * (yll). Përdoret si shenjë xhoker që mundëson specifikim të disa skedarëve përnjëherë.Auto CAD - program aplikativ për projektim kompjuterik dhe disenjim.BBackbone - niveli më i lartë në një rrjet kierarkik kompjuterik.Backslash - shenja \\ ( ASCII kodi 92). Përdoret në specifikimin e rrugës së diskut ku gjendet skedari i kërkuar.Backspace - zhvendosje e kursorit për një vend prapa.Backup - kopje rezerve. Bëhet kopje e përmbajtjes së diskut të kompjuterit dhe atë në mënyrë periodike, ndërsa vendoset në shirit magnetik ose në CD.Bad sector - sektori jo në rregull. Pjesë e disketës ose diskut ku nuk nuk mund dhe ku nuk është e sigurt të shkruhen informacioneBad trac table - tabelë e shtigjeve që nuk janë në rregull. Listë e pjesëve të çrregulluara fabrikisht dhe të pasigurta për shkruarje, e cila është e ngjitur në pjesën e prapme të diksut.Bandwidth - njësi matëse për sasinë e të dhënave të cilat mund të transmetohen përmes ndonjë rrjeti të komunikimit në një sekondë.Bar chart - diagram në formë të shiritave.Bar code - paraqitje e shenjave alfanu-merike me ndihmën e vijave vertikale me gjatësi të ndryshme. Përdoret si mënyrë për shifrim universal të prodhimeve.Bar code reader - lexues bar cod. Pajisje optike për lexim të shenjave bar cod.BIOS (Basic Input Output System) - grup i programeve më të vogla detyra e të cilave është të shfaqë test rutinor kur kyçet kompjuteri, si dhe ta startojë sistemin operativ të kompjuterit.BASIC - gjuhë programore e cila është e lehtë për mësim.Batch - pako. Bashkësi e elementeve ose dokumeneteve të cilat përpunohen si tërësi.Batch processing - përpunim paketor. Teknikë që përdor vetëm një inkuadrim të programit në memorjen kryesore për shkak të përpunimit të më tepër detyrave të veçanta njëra pas tjetrës.Baud - bod. Kapacitet maksimal për transmetim të informacioneve në një kanal të komunikimit, i cili është njësi matëse e numrit të ndryshimeve të niveleve në sekondë.Benchmark - krahasim. Program standard i cili shërben për përcaktimin e performansave të kompjuterëve të ndryshëm.Beta version - version prove i softuerit para daljes së tij zyrtare në treg.BIT ( Binary digiT) - shifra binare janë 0 dhe 1. Kompjuterët digjital procesojnë informacione në formë digjitale, ndërsa zbatojnë vetëm shifra të sistemit binar. Ato zakonisht paraqiten me tension prej 5 V për numrin 1, gjegjësisht 0 V për numrin O.Binary file - skedar binar i cili përbëhet prej disa bitave, por i cili nuk është skedar tekstual. Zakonisht ato janë programe me fotografi.Binary system - sistem binar. Sistem numërimi për shkruarje të numrave në kompjuter. Aty ka vetëm dy shifra 0 dhe 1.Bps (Bits per second) - bit në sekondë. Masë për shpejtësinë e transmetimit të rrjetave kompjuterikeBlank - i zbrazët, i pashkruar. Shenjë që i përdoret për paraqitjen e vendit të zbrazët ndërmjet shenjave të shtypura.Bold - shkronja me kontura më të trasha dhe më të errëtaBookmark - reference e cila na drejton kah ndonjë dokument i caktuar hipertekstual i Internetit.Boot - startimi i kompjuterit, gjatë së cilës fillon puna e sistemit operativ.Boot block - pjesë e diskut ku gjendet softueri i cili i mundëson kompjuterit ta fillojë punën.Boot disk - disk ose disketë prej së cilës startohet sistemi operativ.Break - ndërpren. Sinjal special i cili e ndërpet punën e ndonjë programi. Shpesh fitohet me shtypje të tasteve Ctrl dhe C përnjëherë.Browser - fletëkërkues. Program i cili është i dedikuar për shikimin e dokumenteve hipertekstuale të Internetit. Me ndihmën e tij shrytëzohet servisi më i dobishëm i Internetit WWW (W orld W ide W eb). Fletëkërkuesit më të njohur janë Microsoft Internet Explorer dhe Netscape Navigator.Buffer - bafer. Vend në kujtesën kryesore të kompjuterit për ruajtje të përkohshme të të dhënave.Bug - gabim, defekt. Gabim i paqëllimtë në program, për shkak të të cilit programi nuk punon si duhet. Në përkthimin më tekstual nënkupton bubë dhe mendohet se rrjedh prej ngjarjes kur mola është kapur për ndonjë relej të kompjuterëve të parë dhe e ka pamundësuar punën e tij.Bullet - shenjë për renditje e cila përdoret në programet për përpunim të tekstit.BBS (Bulletin Board System) - tabelë elektronike për shpallje. Shërbim telekomunikues përmes të të cilit konsumatorët komunikojnë, këmbejnë informata etj.Bus - mbledhëse. E lidh pllakën amë të kompjuterit me procesorin, kujtesën, diskun dhe elementet tjera kompjuterike.Byte - bajt. Tetë bita. Shpesh është numër binar tetëshifror i cili paraqet një shkronjë.CCache - kesh. Pjesë e kujtesën e rezervuar për ruajtje të të dhënave që përdoren shpesh, te të cilat procesori ka qasje shumë më të shpejtë sesa në hard disk. Kujtesën kesh mund të gjendet në memorjen RAM ose në hard disk.Cancel button - tast për shfuqizimin e funksionit të zgjedhur. Te numri më i madh i programeve tasti për shfuqizim aktivizohet me shtypjen e tastit Esc.Case sensitive - dallimi i shkronjave të mëdha dhe të vogla. Me shpesh gjatë krahasimit të dy fjalëve apo teksteve.CRT (cathode ray tube) - gypi katodik i ekranit.CPU (C entral P rocessing U nit) - njësi qendrore e procesuimit. Zemër e kompjuterit personal. Udhëheq dhe drejton me të gjitha operacionet për përpunim të të dhënave.Centronics port - portë e kompjuterit në të cilën shpesh lidhet shtypësi.Chanel - kanal. Rrugë në të cilën transmetohet informacioni digjital në kompjuter.Character - shenjë; karakter. Cilado shkronjë, shenjë e interpunksionit, ose ndonjë nga njëqind shenjat tjera që mund të vërehen në ekran, gjegjësisht të cilat mund të shtypen.CPI (character per inch) - numër i shenjave në një inç. Njësi matëse për matjen e dendësisë së shkrimit. Shprehet me numër të shenjave në një inç.Check box - kuti katrore për dialog e cila mund të jetë e kyçur ose e çkyçur, gjegjësisht të jetë e zgjedhur ose jo, ndonjë opcion në kornizën për dialog.Checksum - shumë për kontroll. Shuma e numrave që përdoren për kontrollim të mbledhjes.Click - klik. Shtypje dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut, pa mos e lëvizur.Client - klient. Sistem i cili mund të punojë i pavarur, edhe pse në një masë edhe ky është i varur prej ndonjë sisitemi tjetër. Për kompjuterin që është i lidhur në rrjet kompjuterik shpesh thuhet se është klient.Client-server network - rrjet i tipit klient-server.Clip art - bashkësi e vizatimeve grafike dhe fotografive të shkruara në skedar të veçantë i cili është i arritshëm për përdorim të ndonjë aplikacioni, për shembull, për përpunim të tekstit ose të grafikës.Clipboard - kohësisht, skladim i fshehur për tekst ose fotografi të cilat priten ose kopjohen.Clock speed - shpejtësi e ores. Shpejtësia e punës së procesorit në kompjuter matet me megahercë (MHz) ose me gigahercë (GHz).Sa më e shpejtë është shpejtësia e procesorit, aq më tepër urdhëra mund të kryejë kompjuteri.Clone - klon. Kompjuter i cili paraqet kopje të suksesshme të kompjuterit tjetër të (standardizuar). Më shpesh kjo u dedikohet atyre kompjuterëve të cilët janë kompatibil me kompjuterët e kompanisë IBM.Cod - kod. Diçka që është shkruar me gjuhën kompjuterike, në letër ose në kompjuter.Code page - faqe e koduar. Tabelë e cila tregon se cili karakter i përgjigjet shenjës në ekran dhe me shtypjen e tasterit a përfitohet e njëjta shenjë.CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) -videokartelë e cila është më e vjetëruar.COM port - portë seriale. Më shpesh në kompjuterët ekzistojnë dy porta seriale të shënuara si C0M1 dhe COM2.Command interperter - program i cili i integron dhe i përpunon urdhërat e dhënë në kompjuter. Në sistemin operativ DOS është programi C0MAND.COM, ndërsa në WINDOWS është WIN.INICOBOL (Common Business Orientated Language) - gjuhë progamore nga gjeneratat më të vjetra të cilat përdoren për aplikacione financiare.Communication protocol - përmbledhje e programeve e cila mundëson transmetim dhe këmbim të të dhënave ndërmjet dy ose më tepër kompjuterëve.CD (Compact Disc) - kompakt disk. Medium për memorim të të dhënave digjitale dhe audio. Në kompakt disk mund të vendoset muzikë prej 72 minutave ose të dhëna prej 650 MB.CD ROM (Comapct Disc Read Only Memory) - njësi harduerike për leximin e kompakt disqeve. Me këtë njësi mund vetëm të lexojmë e jo edhe të shlyejmë ose të regjistrojmë të dhëna të reja.COMPAQ (COMPAtibility Quality) - shenjë e prodhimeve cilësore të kompjuterëve desktop dhe laptop.Compiler - kompajler; përkthyes. Program i cili i përkthen disa gjuhë të larta programesh në ndonjë gjuhë makinerike.CompuServe - njëra ndër rrjetat më të mëdha të Internetit në botë. Klientëve të tyre ju ofron këmbim të skedarëve, të të dhënave, të postës elektronike etj.CAD (Computer Aided Design) - shfrytëzim i kompjuterit për krijime të vizatimeve ose për projektime të ndonjë objekti ose sistemi. Programet më të njohura nga kjo sferë janë Auto Cad, Auto Sketch, Design CAD, Lab View etj.CAM (Computer Aided Manifacture) - prodhim me ndihmën e kompjuterit.CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) - vegël softuerike për programerët. Shfrytëzohen për planifikim, analizim si dhe projektim të dokumentacionit në softuerin kompjuterik.Computer analyst - analitik kompjuteristik. Person i cili i definon problemet dhe saktësisht i pëcakton hapat për zgjidhjen e tyre me anë të kompjuterit.Configuration - konfiguracion. Mënyrë e lidhshmërisë së kompjuterit me njësitë tjera periferike në një sistem të përbashkët.Controller - vegël teknike e cila i mundëson veglës tjetër të komunikojë me kompjuterin.Conversion - konverzion. Proces i transformimit të të dhënave (tekst, grafik) nga një format në tjetër.Cooki file - skedar në të cilin ruhen skedarët e shfrytëzuar (cookies). Zakonisht gjendet në emërtuesin bashk me fletëkërkuesin (shembull në emërtuesin Internet Explorer).Corel DRAW- Pako programore e dedikuar për vizatim dhe punim me fotografi.Corrupted file - skedar i dëmtuar. Dëmtimi mund të jetë për shkak të ektorëve të diskut që nuk janë në rregull, prishjes fizike ose gabimeve të shkaktuara nga programi.Crash - gjendje kur kompjuteri bie prej funksionimit të tij dhe më tutje nuk mund të përdoret. Pas kësaj kompjuteri zakonisht përseri startohet.Current drive - disk me të cilin shfrytëzuesi punon momentalisht.Cursor - kursori. Tregues i pozicionimit. Vijë vertikale e lëvizshme që dridhet dhe vezullon e që paraqitet në ekran si indikator vizuel e cila mund të dislokohet edhe vertikalisht edhe horizontalisht me anë të urdhërave prej tastierës.Cyberphobia - kiberfobia. Frikë nga kompjuteri.CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) - metodë e testimit për të dhënat dalëse nga disku për shkak të sigurisë prej gabimeve.DData - të dhënat. Nocion i përgjithshëm për numrat, simbolet dhe madhësitë analoge të cilat shfrytëzohen si madhësi dalëse për përpunimin e kompjuterit.Database - baza e të dhënave. Bashkësi e të dhënave të lidhura ndërmjet vete dhe të organizuara paraprakisht. Programet më të njohura për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave janë: Oracle, MS SQL Server, Informix, Sybase etj.Data security - mbrojtje e të dhënave nga ndërhyrjet e qëllimta ose të rastësishme nga njerëz jo të autorizuar.Data type - tip i të dhënave. Mund të jenë: tekstuale, numerike, logjike, dhe të dhëna të datave.Dead lock - ndërprerje; bllokim. Situatë kur ndonjë program nuk mund të realizohet në kompjuter, për shkak se e pret rastin që faktikisht kurrë nuk do të ndodh.Debug - testim i programit të kompjuterit me korrigjim të gabimeve të paraqitura në te.Default value - ndonjë vlerë që nënkuptohet. Vlerë që programi automatikisht e zgjedh po qe se shfrytëzuesi nuk jep ndonjë vlerë tjetër. Për shembull ngjyrat që i jep WIND0WS-i janë default vetëm po qe se shfrytëzuesi nuk i përdor.Defragmentation - defragmentim. Proces i bashkangjitjes i të dhënave të një programi në disk, që të mund të shpejtohet puna e tij. Është e preferueshme që defragmenting të bëhet një herë në javë, për të shpejtuar punën e diskut.Density - dendësi. Njësi matëse për numrin e të dhënave të cilat mund të shkruhen në ndonjë medium (disketë, shirit magnetik etj).Decsending sort - renditje me radhitje të kundërt.Desktop - sipërfaqja aktive e ekranit gjatë punës me Windows, e cila përmban dritare dhe ikona.Desktop computer - kompjuter i cili pozicionohet horizontalisht në tavolinën punës.DTP (Desktop Publishing) - Pako e softuerit me të cilën kompjuteri mund të përdoret për disenj të dokumenteve, duke përfshirë fotografi, tekst dhe kontroll të pamjes së dokumenteve dhe shtypjen e tyre.Destination file - skedar që pranon.Device - vegël, mjet, përbërje, njësi. Nocion i përgjithshëm i cili shfrytëzohet për të identifikuar ndonjë komponentë të kompjuterit (disk, tastaturë, minak, etj).Device driver - softuer i cili i mundëson kompjuterit të komunikojë me njësitë periferike.DAT (Digital Audio Tape) - shirit magnetik në të cilin memorizohen të dhënat me sasi shumë të mëdha.DVD (Digital Video Disk) - teknologji e harduerit e cila mundëson shiqimin e filmave, spoteve muzikore etj.DMA (Direct Memory Access) - proces i transmetimit të një sasie të madhe të të dhënave ndërmjet diskut dhe kujtesës punuese të kompjuterit.DirectX - varg i programeve standarde për aplikacione të Microsfti-t, i dedikuar për lojra dhe aplikacione multimediale.Disk controller - kartelë e cila e lidh kompjuterin me diskun; zakonisht gjendet në pjesën e poshtme të diskut.Disk drive - njësi fizike e cila e pranon dhe e kthen diskun magnetik dhe mundëson lexim dhe shkrim të të dhënave.DOS (Disk Operating System) - njëri ndër sistemet më të njohura operative i cili është shumë përfshirës dhe shfrytëzohet nga kompjuterët personal. I prodhuar nga kompania Microsft në vitin 1982.Domain - grup i kompjuterëve emrat e të cilëve e ndajnë të njëjtën prapashtesë. Shembull: com (firmë komerciale), org (organizatë pa përfitim), gov (qeveri), edu (institucion arsimor), net (provajder i Internetit). Njësoj ekzistojnë edhe prapashtesa të cilat i identifikojnë shtetet p.sh. mk prapashtesë për Maqedoninë.Dpi (dots per inch) - pika në inç. Njësi për matjen e rezolutës së shtypjes në shtypës. Rezoluta te shtypësit amë sillet rreth 300 dpi, ndërsa te shtypësit lezër arrin deri në 1200 dpi.Double click - klikim; shtypje e dyfishtë. Klikim i shpejtë dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut dy here pa lëvizjen e minakut ndërmjet dy klikimeve.Double precision - precizitet i dyfishtë. Teknikë me të cilën paraqiten numrat me gjatësi të dyfishuar.Download - kopjim i ndonjë programi ose skedari prej ndonjë kompjuteri kryesor në kompjuterin personal.Draft quality - kualitet i shtypit, i cili është i lexueshëm, por nuk duket aq mirë për përdorim që ai dokument të botohet në ndonjë revistë ose libër. Zakonisht shfrytëzohet për nxjerrjen e kopjeve që të shkojë në korrekturë.Drag-and-drop - tërheqje dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut.Drop-down meni - Lista e urdhërave të menysë së aktivizuar, të radhitura njëra pas tjetrës.DLL (Dynamic Link Library) - grup e funksioneve të cilat shfrytëzohen gjatë programimit në Windows.EEPROM (E lectrically P rogrammable R ead O nly M emory) - çip memorizues përmbajtja e të cilit nuk mund të ndryshohet.E-mail (electronic mail) - postë elektronike. Njëri nga shërbimet më të njohura të Internetit me të cilin porositë dërgohen prej një kompjuteri në kompjuter tjetër.Embedded object - objekt i ndërvënë.EMM386.EXE - program i cili mundëson vendosjen e drajverave dhe programeve në hapësirën e lartë të memories.Emulator - emulator. Program cili i mundëson kompjuterit të zbatojë programe të shkruara për kompjuter tjetër.Encryption - shifrim. Kodim i porosisë me çka nuk mundësohet hyrje e palejuar deri te ajo.EOF (end of file) - fund i skedarit. Shenjë për fundin e skedarit, e cila shfrytëzohet si indikator se këtu kryhen të dhënat.Ethernet - rrjet lokal kompjuterik i konstruktuar prej llojit të kabllove me mundësi të bartjes deri më 10 Mbit/sec.Event - rast; paraqitje. Moment kur paraqitet ndryshimi specifik i ndonjë gjendjeje.Exchange - këmbim i informatave ndërmjet dy lokacioneve.Exchengeable disk - disk transmetues. Tip i diskut i cili montohet në shtëpizë të posaçme dhe është i transmetueshëm.Executable file - program zbatues. Skedar i cili mund të aplikohet në kompjuter.Expression - shprehje matematikore ose logjike e shkruar në gjuhën programoreEBCDIC (Extended Binary Decimal Interchange Code) - kod i cili i përdorë tetë shifra binare të krijuara nga IBM, ndërsa i paraqet shenjat (shkronjat, numrat etj.) nga kompjuteri i cili i proceson.External modem - modem i jashtëm. Modem në kuti të veçantë, kabllo dhe mbushës i cili më së shpeshti aktivizohet në portën seriale të kompjuterit.Extranet - intranet i cili u është lënë në disponim klientëve dhe blerësve të jashtëm me qëllim që t'i shohin të dhënat. Më shpesh ata janë të siguruara me shifra që të ruhet siguria e blerësve.FFan ventilator - ventilator i cili mundëson cirkulimin e ajrit nëpërmjet pjesëve kompjuterike dhe e pamundëson nxehjen e tyre.Fatal error - gabim në programin kompjuterik i cili e ndalon funksionimin e tij.Fault tolerance - tolerim i gabimeve. Aftësi e ndonjë sisitemi që ta vazhdojë funksionimin normal edhe pse ekziston problem në harduer ose softuer.Fax modem - faks modem. Modem i aftësuar të pranojë dhe të dërgojë fakse. Në këtë rast fakset janë elektronike.Fiber optics - fije optike. Mundëson shpejtësi të madhe të bartjes së të dhënave në rrjetat kompjuterike.File - skedar; fajll; datotekë. Pa marrë parasysh çfarë informate, të grumbulluar dhe të inçizuar nën një emër. Skedari mund të përmban tekst, grafikon, program etj.FAT (File Allocation Table) - tabelë e cila shërben për renditjen e skedarëve e cila gjendet në fillim të diskut dhe përmban informata për ata pjesë të diskut të cilat shfrytëzohen, pjesë të diskut të cilat nuk shfrytëzohen dhe ato të cilat nuk mund të shfrytëzohen për shkak të dëmtimit të blloqeve në disk.File control system - program i cili udhëheq me bartjen e të dhënave nga ciladoqoftë pajisje deri në ndonjë pajisje tjetër.File locking - përmbyllje e skedarit. Ndalesë që më tepër se një shfrytëzues ta ndërrojë përmbajtjen e skedarit.File protection - mbrojtje e skedarit. Komandë e kompjuterit e cila e ndalon shkruarjen dhe fshirjen e të dhënave në skedar, por e lejon leximin e tyre.Firewall - sistem rrjetor për sigurim i cili ndihmon në ndërprerjen e hyrjes së paautorizuar në sistemin kompjuterik; thjesht ky është kompjuter i lidhur në Internet dhe me të cilin zhvillohet i gjith komunikimi në Internet.Floppy disk - disk i butë, disketëFooter - tekst i cili paraqitet në pjesën e poshtme në secilën faqe.FF (Form Feed) - urdhër i cili shfrytëzohet i që ta lëviz letrën në printer në faqe të re. Zakonisht në tabelën kontrolluese të printerit gjendet një tast i cili mundëson kryerjen e funksionit përkatës.FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) - gjuhë programore e krijuar në kompaninë IBM e cila shfrytëzohej për programimin e aplikacioneve tekniko shkencore.Freeware - programe pa pagesë, por të mbrojtura me ligj për autorizimFAQ (Frequently Asked Question) - pyetje ose lista me pyetje dhe përgjigje të cilat janë shumë të shpeshta dhe shumë shfrytëzues ballafaqohen me këto të dhëna. Këto lista janë shumë frytdhënëse për shkak të këmbimit të informatave.GGIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) - princip në të cilën po qe se hyjnë të dhëna jokor-rekte dhe jovalide në kompjuter, ai do të japë rezultate jokorrekte dhe të pakuptimta.GUI (graphical user interface) - interfejs grafik i shfrytëzuar për sisteme operative. Komunikimi ndërmjet shfrytëzuesit dhe programit zhviliohet me anë të shfrytëzimit të ikonave, dritareve dhe të ngjashme. Një shembull për një iterfejs të tillë që e shfrytëzojmë është Windows-i.Guru - Njeri me kapacitet të lartë i cili dëshiron t'u ndihmojë të tjerëve në zgjedhjen e problemeve të tyre.HHacker - haker. Person për të cilin kompjuteri është hobi. Sot shumë njerëz termin haker e identifikojnë me person i cili në mënyrë të paligjshme hy në kompjuter të huaj.Halt - ndalesë. Ndalje e realizimit të operacioneve të renditura në programet kompjuterike.Hand-held computer - kompjuter i vogël që mund të mbahet edhe në dorë.Hang - rri varur. Mosfunksionim i kompjuterit. Kur kompjuteri rinë varur, i ekrani duket normal, por çfarëdo pune tjetër është e pamundur të futet në funksion.Hard copy - rezultatet e shtypura në letër.Hardware - hardueri, gjërat fizike apo të prekshme të kompjuterit.Help - ndihmë. Funksion i cili është i pranishëm në shumë programe, i cili shërben si ndihmë e shfrytëzuesit për përdorimin e programit.Hertz (Hz) - herc. Cikël në sekondë me të cilin matet shpejtësia e procesorit në kompjuter.HEX (Hexadecimal) - Sisitem numëror në matematik, në të cilin si bazë e numërimit është numri 16. Për shfaqjen e numrave përdoren shifrat 0-9 dhe shkronjat A-F. Është shumë i qëlluar për përdorimin e kalkulimeve kompjuterike.Hidden file - skedar i fshehur. Skedar i cili përmban atribute të cilat nuk lejojnë që emri i skedarit të kopjohet, të fshihet ose të shfletohet.High tech - teknologji e lartëHost computer - kompjuter kryesor me të cilin lidhen kompjuterët tjerë.Hot key - tast ose kombinim i tasteve i cili zbaton instruksion të përcaktuar pa marrë parasysh se çka punon procesori në momentin e dhënë.HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) - format hipertekstual për punë me dokumente. Shërben për krijimin e dokumenteve WEB në internet.Hub - hab. Paisje në të cilën kyçen kompjuterët të cilët janë të lidhur në rrjet.Hyphenation - ndarje e fjalëveIIllegal - jolegal. Parametra hyrëse të cilët janë të papranuara, për shkak se nuk i përmbushin specifikacionet e vendosura në programe.Image processing - përpunim i grafikonëveImaging - proces i shkrimit të grafikës në ndonjë medium, për shembull në shirit.Implementation - implementim. Instalim i sitemit kompjuterik.Infrared - teknologji e cila shfrytëzon ndriçimin për lidhjen të kompjuterëve pa kabëll.Initialization - inicializim. Operacion për formatim të diskut ose disketës, si dhe përgatitje për shkruarjen dhe përdorimin e të dhënave.Ink-jet printer - shtypës pështyes që hedh ngjyrën në letër.Input data - të dhënat hyrëse.Insert mod - rregull për futjen e të dhënave.Install - instalim, futja fillestare e ndonjë programi në kompjuter.Instruction - instruksion. Urdhër i destinuar për mikroprocesorin.Integer - numër i plotë pa presje decimaleLLine printer - shtypës i cili shtyp përnjëherë një rresht tekst.Link- lidhje; lidhshmëri.Load - mbushje, futje e programit në memorje.LAN (Local Area Network) - rrjet lokal në kuadër të një hapësire ose ndërtese. Lidhje e dy ose më tepër kompjuterëve me kabllo me qëllim të këmbimit të informatave.Local printer - shtypës i cili është i lidhur drejtpërdrejt me një stacion punues, i cili nuk është në disponim të shfrytëzuesve tjerë të rrjetit.Login - Paraqitje në kompjuter. Në këtë rast kompjuteri kërkon nga shfrytëzuesi që të identifikohet me emrin dhe shifrën.Logoff- çlajmërim. Largim nga puna me kompjuter.Loop - cikël. Renditje të instruksioneve kompjuterike të cilat praktikohen me anë të përsëritjeve, gjersa nuk përmbushet ndonjë kusht.MMachine code - kod makine. Përmbledhje e instruksioneve kompjuterike në ndonjë kompjuter të posaçëm i cili niund ta kryejë urdhërin.Macro - makro. Serial i urdhërave të cilat kryhen me shtypjen e një tasti ose me ndonjë urdhër. Në të shumtën e rasteve i shkruan vetë shfrytëzuesi për ta lehtësuar punën gjatë përsëritjeve të një morie urdhërash.Mailbox - sandëku postar.Main program - pjesë kryesore e programit e cila i kontrollon nënprogramet.Mass storage - pajisje në të cilën mund të vendoset një numër i madh i të dhënave.Medium - medium. Bartës i të dhënave, shpesh mendohet në disketë, CD-ROM dhe të ngjashme.MMU (Memory Management Unit) - pajisje e cila udhëheq kujtesën.Merge - bashkim, kombinim i dy ose më tepër skedarëve.Message - porosi nga kompjuteri e cila informon për diçka.MIDI file - skedarë me përshkrime muzikore.MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second) -milion instuksione në sekondë. Njësi matëse për shpejtësinë me të cilën procesori i kryen instruksionet. Për shembull, procesori Pentium i cili punon në 100 MHz kryen 100 milionë instruksione në sekondë, pra 100 MIPS-a.Millisecond (ms) - milisekondë. Kohë e barabartë me pjesën e njëmijtë të sekondës. Shfrytëzohet për shprehjen e shpejtësisë te hard disqet.Mode - regjim i punës; mënyrë e punës. Njëra nga gjendjet alternative të punës së kompjuterit.MODEM (MOdulator/DEModulator) - modem. Regullator i cili të dhënat e dërguara i shndërron në sinjal telefonik, të qëlluara për lidhje të drejtpërdrejtë telefonike.Motherboard - pllaka amë e kompjuterit në të cilën janë të lidhura të gjitha elementet e harduerit.Multimedia - kombinim i tekstit me fotografi dhe zë, videoanimacion.MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) - standard për bashkangjitjen e skedarëve në porositë elektronike.Multitasking - aftësi e sistemit operativ që njëkohësisht të ushtrojë më shumë programe.NNetwork - rrjet i kompjuterit.NetWare - sistem operativ rrjetor i shpikur nga kompania Novell.Network adapter - adapter i rrjetit. Kartelë e cila instalohet në kompjuter përmes të cilës ai lidhet në rrjet.Network administrator - njeriu i cili e mbikëqyrë punën e rrjetit kompjuterik dhe që udhëheqë me të.Network protocol - protokoll rrjetor. Bashkësi e standardeve kompjuterike në një rrjet.Node - nyje, pika ngjitëse në rrjein kompjuterikNon-interlaced - sa i përket disa monitorëve te të cilët topi elektronik pas një kohe e kalon ekranin pa mos lëshuar asnjë vijë.Notebook computer - kompjuter i vogël me format sa një faqe e letrës.Numeric keypad - tastierë numerike.OOLE (Object Linking and Embedding) -mënyrë e këmbimit të informatave ndërmjet dy skedarëve me aplikim të njëjtë ose të ndryshëm në Windows.Off-line - i çkyçurOn-line - i kyçurODBC (Open Data Base Connectivity) - standard i cili mundëson hyrje në sisteme të ndryshme të bazave të të dhënave.Operating System - sistem operativ. Softuer i cili është lidhje ndërmjet shfrytëzuesit dhe kompjuterit.Optical cable - kabëll optik për lidhje rrjetore të kompjuterëve me të cilin arihet shpejtësi e madhe në përcjelljen e të dhënave.OCR (Optical Character Recognition) - njohje e simboleve optike. Program i cili identifikon shenjat e shkruara dhe ato të shtypura dhe pastaj krijon skedar tekstual.OEM (Original Equipment Manifacturer) - prodhues i komponenteve të ndryshëm, të cilët pastaj lidhen me klientin, e emri i tij figuron në kompjuter.Overflow - tejkalim. Gjendje e cila paraqitet si rezultat i operacionit aritmetik; e tejkalon kapacitetin e kujtesës për ruajtjen e rezultatit.Overload - ngarkim i tepërt. Ngarkim më i j madh sesa pajisja; mund ta mban atë për të cilën është konstruktuar.Overstrike - nënvizim.Overtype - shkrim përmbi tekst.Overwrite - mbulim i informatës e cila më parë ka qenë në atë vend.PPage break - ndërprerje e faqes. Vend ku mbaron një faqe dhe fillon faqja tjetër.Page layout - pamje e faqesPpm (pages per minute) - faqe në minute. Njësi matëse e shpejtësisë së shtypësit gjatë shtypjes.Pagination - operacion automatik te programet për përpunimin e tekstit, i cili shërben për renditjen e tekstit nëpër faqe me numerimin e tyre.Palmtop computer - kompjuter i vogël i cili mund të mbahet në një dorë.PASCAL - Paskali. Gjuhë kompjuterike.Password - Fjalë e fshehur e cila përdoret për hyrje në sistemin kompjuterik.Patch - arnim. Ndryshim i kodit programor, i cili zakonisht bëhet pas mbarimit të softuerit me qëllim që të përmirësohen disa gabime.Path name - emri i datotekës së bashku me rrugën me të cilën arihet deti tek ajo.Pause - pauzë. Tast ose urdhër i cili përkohësisht e ndërpren punën e ndonjë programi.Peer-to-peer - rrjet lokal ku çdo kompjuter i kyçur është i barabartë. Në rrjet nuk ekziston server.Peripheral device - pajisje e harduerit e cila kyçet në kompjuter.Permanent SWAP file - skedar i përhershëm në Windows me të cilin shtresohen të dhënat dhe instruksionet programore kur nuk mund të vendosen në kujtesën RAM.PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) - komitet i cili krijoj standarde për memorje me kapacitet më të madh e aplikuar te kompjuterët laptop.PIXEL (Picture Element) - Element më i vogël i monitorit kompjuterik i cili mundë të kontroliohet. Sa më i madh të jetë numri i pikselave, aq më e mirë është rezoluta.Pirate - person i cili merret me formën ilegale të kopjimit të softuerave.Plasma display - teknologji e përdorur për konstruimin e ekranit te kompjuterët laptop.Plotter - vizatues. Pajisje e cila shërben për vizatimin e rezultateve të përfituara nga kompjuteri.Plug and play - kyçe dhe puno. Pajisje të cilat kompjuteri automatikisht i detekton dhe i instalon drajverat e nevojshëm në të.Pointer - tregues. Fotografi e vogël në ekran, zakonisht në formë të shigjetës; lëvizjet e saja kontrollohen nëpërmjet minakut.Port - portë; lidhje; hyrje.Portability - përcjellshmëri. Cilësi e programave kompjuterike që të mund të adaptohen në lloj-lloj tipash të kompjuterëve.Power supply - furnizues i rrymes te kompjuteri.Print queue - pritje, rend për shtyp.Print server - zakonisht njëri prej kompjuterëve në rrjet i cili dirigjon me të gjitha kërkesat për shtyp dhe me të gjithë shtypësit që janë të lidhura në rrjet.Printer driver - softuer i cili i mundëson kompjuterit që të punojë me shtypësin.Procedure - rradhitje e instruksioneve kompjuterike të cilat bashkarisht veprojnë për një nevojë dhe detyrë të caktuar.Processing - përpunim i të dhënave.Programming language - gjuhë programore me të cilën programeri e shkruan programin kompjuterik.Prompt - shenjë për thirrje; shërben për shkruarjen e urdhërave.Purge - shlyerje pas së cilës të dhënat e shlyera nuk mund të kthehen më.QQuery - pyetje. Instruksion kompjuterik i cili i parashtron pyejte bazës së të dhënave.Quit - ndalje. Urdhër me të cilën para kohe ndalet ekzekutimi i programit.QWERTY - tastier në të cilën rreshti më i lartë i saj fillon me shkronjat Q, W, E, R, T, Y. Ekzistojnë edhe lloje tjera të tastierëve si per shembull QWERTZ.RRadio button - radio sustë. Mund të zgjedhim vetëm një sustë të këtij lloji në program.RAM (Random Access Memory) - kujtesa kryesore kompjuterike në të cilën janë të vendosura të dhënat të cilat përpunohen.Read-only - vetëm lexim. Të dhënat mund të lexohen, por jo edhe të ndryshohen.ROM (Read Only Memory) - kujtesa e pashlyeshme nga e cila mund të lexohen të dhënat.RTC (Real Time Clock) - Çip kompjuterik i cili ka funksion të orës që ta informojë kompjuterin për kohën e saktë, datën dhe vitin.Reboot - përsëri startim të kompjuterit, zakonisht për shkak të rënies së sistemit.Record - grup i të dhënave të cilat i takojnë një grupacioni. Për shembull, emri i ndonjërit, mbiemri, adresa dhe numri i telefonit.Recover - kthim në gjendjen normale të punës pas paraqitjes së gabimit në sistem.RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives) - kombinim i më shumë disqeve me qëllim që të rritet siguria e të dhënave nga ndonjë humbje e paparashikuar.Refresh rate - shpejtësi për freski. Numër maksimal i fotografive që mund të shfaqen në ndonjë monitor për një sekondë. Paraqitet me herc.RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System) - sistem për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave.Remote computer - kompjuter i larguar.Remote control program - program me komandim prej së largu.Repeat delay - koha e nevojshme që të shtypet një tast e që të paraqitet karakteri i cli përgatitet që të dale në ekran.Reset button - sustë për resetim. Sustë në pjesën e përparme të shtëpizës së kompjuterit e cila shërben për vënien e sistemit në gjendjen fillestare të saj.Resolution - qartësi e përshkruarjes në ekran apo në shtypës.Response time - kohë për përgjigje nga ana e kompjuterit për ndonjë kërkesë përkatëse.Restart - startim i përsëritur i kompjuterit.Retreive - gjetje dhe ndarje në veçanti e ndonjë informate të përcaktuar.Retry - orvatje e sërishme për të kryer ndonjë instruksion të programit.Ring network - rrjet unazor.RJ-45 - konektor i cili i ngjan lidhjes telefonike, por ka 8 tela në vend që të ketë 4.Root directory - direktoriumi kryesor i një disku.Router - udhërëfyes. Pajisje rrjetore e cila i dërgon të dhënat në rrjet duke e zgjedhur rrugën më të mirë.SSafe mode - gjendje në të cilën startohet Windows-i kur paraqitet ndonjë konflikt në harduer.Save - shkrim i të dhënave në disk, ku nuk mund të humben pas mbylljes së kompjuterit.Scanner - skener. Mjet i cili në mënyrë optike lexon ndonjë dokument dhe e shndërron në skedar grafiko-digjital.Screen - ekran.Scroll - lëvizje e tekstit lart-poshtë.Search engine - program për kërkimin e të dhënave. Makina më të njohura për kërkim në internet janë: Yahoo, Altavista, Google etj.Server - kompjuter në rrjet i cili disa nga resurset e veta i vë në disponim të ndonjë kompjuteri tjetër.Session - koha në të cilën një shfrytëzues e kalon në rrjet.Set up - një sistem të vihet në gjendje pune.Shared file - skedar i përbashkët.Shut down - kryerje e punës së një sistemi operativ të kompjuterit ose çkyçje e kompjuterit.SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - protokoll i cili shfrytëzohet për udhëheqjen e këmbimit të postës elektronike ndërmjet dy kompjuterëve.Slave - i nënshtruar. Kompjuter i cili është i kontrolluar nga një kompjuter tjetër.Software - të gjitha programet të cilat mund të shfrytëzohen në një kompjuter.Software development tool - vegla për zhvillimin e programeve.Sort - renditje e të dhënave me radhitje të re.Sound card - kartë për zërim.Storage - kujtesë.String - varg i shenjave.SQL (Structured Query Language) - pako e programeve për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave.Switch - ndërprerës.System software - softuer sistemor (p.sh. MS-DOS, Windows etj).English-Albanian dictionary > Fjalor i shkurtër terminoiogjik i informatikës
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20 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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